Kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants popanga mafuta

Kugwiritsa ntchitozinthu zopangira ma surfactantspakupanga mafuta

1. Mankhwala opangidwa ndi surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokumba mafuta olemera

Chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso kusayenda bwino kwa mafuta olemera, zimabweretsa mavuto ambiri pakukumba. Pofuna kutulutsa mafuta olemera awa, nthawi zina pamafunika kubaya madzi a surfactant downhole kuti asinthe mafuta olemera okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kukhala emulsion yamafuta okhala ndi kukhuthala kochepa ndikuyitulutsa pamwamba. Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yochepetsera kukhuthala kwa mafuta olemera ndi kukhuthala ndi monga sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, polyoxyethylene Vinyl alkyl alcohol ether sulfate sodium salt, ndi zina zotero. Emulsion yamafuta okhala ndi madzi opangidwa imafunika kulekanitsa madzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants ena amakampani ngati ma demulsifiers kuti madzi asamathe. Ma demulsifier awa ndi ma emulsifiers okhala ndi madzi mu mafuta. Ma surfactants a cationic kapena naphthenic acids, asphaltonic acids ndi mchere wawo wachitsulo wambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.

Mafuta olemera apadera sangapangidwe ndi mayunitsi opopera wamba ndipo amafunika jakisoni wa nthunzi kuti abwezeretse kutentha. Kuti muwongolere mphamvu ya kubweza kutentha, ma surfactants ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kulowetsa thovu m'chitsime cholowetsa nthunzi, kutanthauza, kulowetsa thovu losatentha kwambiri komanso mpweya wosazizira, ndi njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potulutsa thovu ndi alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers ndi sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chakuti zinthu zomwe zili ndi fluorinated surfactants zimakhala ndi ntchito yapamwamba pamwamba ndipo zimakhala zokhazikika ku acids, alkalis, oxygen, kutentha ndi mafuta, ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zotulutsa thovu kutentha kwambiri. Kuti mafuta omwazika adutse mosavuta m'mapangidwe a mphuno ya pore, kapena kuti mafuta omwe ali pamwamba pa thovu akhale osavuta kutulutsa, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito surfactant yotchedwa film diffusing agent. Chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surface activity.

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1. Zopangira mafuta opangidwa ndi sera

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osaphika ngati sera kumafuna kupewa sera pafupipafupi komanso kuchotsa sera. Mankhwala ophera sera amagwira ntchito ngati oletsa sera komanso ochotsa sera. Pali mankhwala ophera sera omwe amasungunuka mu mafuta ndi mankhwala osungunuka m'madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa sera. Choyamba chimagwira ntchito yotsutsana ndi sera posintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa sera. Mankhwala ophera sera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafuta ndi mafuta ophera sera ndi mafuta ophera sera ndi amine. Mankhwala ophera sera omwe amasungunuka m'madzi amagwira ntchito yotsutsana ndi sera posintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa sera (monga mapaipi amafuta, ndodo zokoka ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito). Mankhwala ophera sera omwe alipo ndi sodium alkyl sulfonates, quaternary ammonium salts, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers ndi sulfonate sodium salts zawo, ndi zina zotero. Mankhwala ophera sera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa sera amagawidwanso m'magawo awiri. Mankhwala osungunula mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa sera pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta, ndi mankhwala osungunuka m'madzi otchedwa sulfonate, mankhwala amchere otchedwa quaternary ammonium salt, mankhwala a polyether, mankhwala a pakati, mankhwala osungunuka m'madzi otchedwa OP, mankhwala osungunuka m'madzi otchedwa Sulfate kapena sulfo-alkylated flat-type ndi mankhwala a OP.chopangira madzis amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa sera pogwiritsa ntchito madzi. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, zochotsa sera m'nyumba ndi kunja kwa dziko lapansi zaphatikizidwa mwachilengedwe, ndipo zochotsa sera pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi zochotsa sera pogwiritsa ntchito madzi zaphatikizidwa mwachilengedwe kuti zipange zochotsa sera zosakanizidwa. Chochotsa sera ichi chimagwiritsa ntchito ma hydrocarbons onunkhira ndi ma hydrocarbons onunkhira osakanikirana ngati gawo la mafuta, ndipo chimagwiritsa ntchito emulsifier yokhala ndi mphamvu yochotsera sera ngati gawo la madzi. Pamene emulsifier yosankhidwa ndi nonionic surfactant yokhala ndi malo oyenera amtambo, kutentha komwe kuli pansi pa gawo lochotsa sera m'chitsime cha mafuta kumatha kufika kapena kupitirira malo ake amtambo, kotero kuti chochotsa sera chosakanizidwa chikhoza. Emulsification imasweka musanalowe mu gawo lopanga sera, ndipo zinthu ziwiri zochotsera sera zimalekanitsidwa, zomwe nthawi imodzi zimagwira ntchito yochotsa sera.

3. Zopangira madziamagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbitsa dongo

Dongo lokhazikika limagawidwa m'magawo awiri: kuletsa kufutukuka kwa mchere wa dongo ndikuletsa kusamuka kwa tinthu ta dongo. Ma cationic surfactants monga amine salt type, quaternary ammonium salt type, pyridinium salt type, ndi imidazoline salt angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuletsa kutupa kwa dongo. Ma fluorine-nonionic-cationic surfactants omwe ali ndi fluorine amapezeka kuti aletse kusamuka kwa tinthu ta dongo.

4. Zopangira madziamagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa acidization

Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya acidification, zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri zimawonjezeredwa ku yankho la asidi. Surfactant iliyonse yomwe imagwirizana ndi yankho la asidi ndipo imalowetsedwa mosavuta ndi mapangidwe ake ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati choletsa acidification. Monga mafuta amine hydrochloride, mchere wa quaternary ammonium, mchere wa pyridine mu ma surfactants a cationic ndi sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate ester salted kapena sulfate ester salted polyoxyethylene alkanes mu amphoteric surfactants base phenol ether, ndi zina zotero. Ma surfactants ena, monga dodecyl sulfonic acid ndi mchere wake wa alkylamine, amatha kusakaniza madzi a asidi mu mafuta kuti apange emulsion ya acid-in-oil. Emulsion iyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati madzi a mafakitale okhala ndi acidified komanso imagwira ntchito yoletsa.

Ma surfactants ena angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati oletsa ma emulsifiers pamadzimadzi opatsa asidi. Ma surfactants okhala ndi nthambi monga polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether ndi polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene pentaethylene hexamine angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati oletsa ma emulsifiers.

Ma surfactants ena angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zothandizira kuchotsa madzi osowa asidi. Ma surfactants omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zothandizira kuchotsa madzi ndi monga amine salt type, quaternary ammonium salt type, pyridinium salt type, nonionic, amphoteric ndi fluorine-containing surfactants.

Ma surfactants ena angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zoletsa asidi, monga ma surfactants osungunuka ndi mafuta, monga alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, quaternary ammonium salts, ndi zina zotero. Popeza alibe asidi wokwanira kusungunuka, ma nonionic surfactants angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwafalitsa mu yankho la asidi.

Kuti asidi ayambe kugwira ntchito bwino, chosinthira madzi chiyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku yankho la asidi kuti chisinthe kunyowa kwa malo ozungulira pafupi ndi wellbore kuchoka pa lipophilic kupita ku hydrophilic. Zosakaniza za polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers ndi phosphate-salted polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers zimayamwa ndi mapangidwewo kuti apange gawo lachitatu la adsorption, lomwe limagwira ntchito pakunyowa ndi kutembenuka.

Kuphatikiza apo, pali zinthu zina zopanga ma surfactants, monga fatty amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium salt kapena nonionic-anionic surfactant, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira thovu kuti zipange thovu acid fluid kuti zikwaniritse cholinga chochepetsa dzimbiri ndi acidification yakuya, kapena Thovu limapangidwa kuchokera ku izi ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati madzi oyambira acidification. Akalowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake, yankho la asidi limalowetsedwa. Mphamvu ya Jamin yomwe imapangidwa ndi thovu mu thovu imatha kusintha madzi a asidi, kukakamiza madzi a asidi kuti asungunuke kwambiri gawo lochepa la permeability, potero kumawonjezera mphamvu ya acidification.

5. Mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kusweka

Njira zothyola ming'alu nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yamafuta yomwe simalola kulowa bwino. Amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti atsegule mapangidwe ake kuti apange ma fracture, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito proppant kuti athandizire ma fracture kuti achepetse kukana kwa madzi kuyenda bwino ndikukwaniritsa cholinga chowonjezera kupanga ndi kuyang'anitsitsa. Madzi ena othyola ming'alu amapangidwa ndi ma surfactants ngati chimodzi mwa zosakaniza.

Madzi ophwanyika mafuta m'madzi amapangidwa ndi madzi, mafuta ndi ma emulsifier. Ma emulsifier omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma ionic, nonionic ndi amphoteric surfactants. Ngati madzi okhuthala agwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lakunja ndipo mafuta agwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lamkati, madzi okhuthala mafuta m'madzi (polymer emulsion) akhoza kukonzedwa. Madzi okhuthala awa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha pansi pa 160°C ndipo amatha kuswa ma emulsions ndikutulutsa madzi.

Madzi ophwanyika a thovu ndi madzi ophwanyika omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati njira yofalitsira ndi mpweya ngati gawo lofalikira. Zigawo zake zazikulu ndi madzi, gasi ndi mankhwala ophera thovu. Alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate ester salts, quaternary ammonium salts ndi OP surfactants zonse zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera thovu. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera thovu m'madzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala 0.5-2%, ndipo chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya gasi ndi voliyumu ya thovu chili pakati pa 0.5-0.9.

Madzi ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi madzi ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ngati chosungunulira kapena chogawaniza. Mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamalopo ndi mafuta osaphika kapena gawo lake lolemera. Kuti akonze kukhuthala kwake ndi kutentha kwake, mafuta osungunuka a sulfonate (kulemera kwa mamolekyulu 300-750) ayenera kuwonjezeredwa. Madzi ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta amaphatikizaponso madzi ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi madzi ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito thovu. Ma emulsifier omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta oyamba ndi ma anionic surfactants osungunuka ndi mafuta, ma cationic surfactants ndi ma nonionic surfactants, pomwe ma thovu okhazikika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta omaliza ndi ma polymer surfactants okhala ndi fluorine.

Madzi ophwanyika omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kuphulika kwa madzi amagwiritsa ntchito mowa wosakaniza (monga ethylene glycol) ndi mafuta (monga kerosene) ngati njira yofalitsira, carbon dioxide yamadzimadzi ngati gawo lofalikira, ndi sulfate-salted polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether ngati emulsifier. Kapena emulsion kapena thovu lopangidwa ndi thovu lothandizira kuphulika kwa mapangidwe omwe amakhudzidwa ndi madzi.

Madzi ophwanyika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophwanyika ndi acidization ndi madzi ophwanyika komanso madzi ophwanyika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma carbonate, ndipo njira ziwirizi zimachitika nthawi imodzi. Zogwirizana ndi ma surfactants ndi acid thovu ndi acid emulsion. Choyamba chimagwiritsa ntchito alkyl sulfonate kapena alkyl benzene sulfonate ngati chothandizira thovu, ndipo chachiwiri chimagwiritsa ntchito sulfonate surfactant ngati chothandizira emulsifier. Monga madzi ophwanyika, madzi ophwanyika amagwiritsanso ntchito ma surfactants ngati oletsa ma emulsifier, othandizira kutulutsa madzi ndi othandizira kunyowetsa, zomwe sizikambidwa pano.

6. Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zosungunulira madzi poyang'anira mawonekedwe a pulojekiti komanso poletsa madzi

Pofuna kukonza momwe madzi amagwirira ntchito komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta osakonzedwa, ndikofunikira kusintha momwe madzi amagwirira ntchito pa zitsime zoperekera madzi ndikuwonjezera kupanga mwa kutseka madzi pa zitsime zoperekera madzi. Njira zina zowongolera ndi kutsekereza madzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zosungunulira madzi.

Chothandizira chowongolera mbiri ya gel ya HPC/SDS chimapangidwa ndi hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) ndi sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) m'madzi abwino.

Sodium alkyl sulfonate ndi alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride zimasungunuka m'madzi kuti zipange madzi awiri ogwira ntchito, omwe amalowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kamodzi pambuyo pa kamodzi. Madzi awiri ogwira ntchito amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake mu kapangidwe kake kuti apange alkyl trimethylamine. Sulfite imathira ndikutseka gawo lolowera kwambiri.

Ma polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, alkyl aryl sulfonates, ndi zina zotero zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zotulutsa thovu, zosungunuka m'madzi kuti zipange madzi ogwirira ntchito, kenako zimalowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake mosinthana ndi madzi ogwirira ntchito a carbon dioxide, pokhapokha pakupanga (makamaka okwera. Gawo lolowera) limapanga thovu, limapanga kutsekeka, ndipo limagwira ntchito yowongolera mawonekedwe.

Pogwiritsa ntchito quaternary ammonium surfactant ngati chotulutsira thovu chomwe chimasungunuka mu silicic acid sol yopangidwa ndi ammonium sulfate ndi galasi lamadzi ndikulowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake, kenako ndikulowetsa mpweya wosasungunuka (mpweya wachilengedwe kapena chlorine), mawonekedwe ochokera kumadzi amatha kupangidwa poyamba mu kapangidwe kake. Thovu lomwe lili mu dispersion interlayer, kutsatiridwa ndi gelation ya silicic acid sol, limapanga thovu lolimba ngati dispersion medium, lomwe limagwira ntchito yolumikiza layer yochulukirapo komanso kuwongolera mawonekedwe.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi sulfonate ngati zinthu zotulutsa thovu ndi mankhwala a polima ngati zinthu zolimbitsa thovu, kenako n’kulowetsamo mpweya kapena zinthu zopangira mpweya, thovu lochokera m’madzi limapangidwa pansi kapena mkati mwa kapangidwe kake. Thovu limeneli limagwira ntchito pamwamba pa mafuta. Mankhwala ambiri amasamukira ku malo olumikizirana ndi mafuta ndi madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thovu liwonongeke, kotero silimatseka mafuta. Ndi chinthu chosankha komanso choletsa madzi m’chitsime cha mafuta.

Choletsa madzi chochokera ku simenti yochokera ku mafuta ndi choyimitsira simenti mu mafuta. Pamwamba pa simentiyo pamakhala pozizira madzi. Madzi akalowa mu gawo lopanga madzi, amachotsa mgwirizano pakati pa chitsime cha mafuta ndi simenti pamwamba pa simenti, zomwe zimapangitsa simenti kuuma ndikutseka gawo lopanga madzi. Pofuna kuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwa cholumikizira ichi, nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa ma carboxylate ndi sulfonate surfactants.

Choletsa madzi chosungunuka m'madzi cha micellar ndi yankho la micellar lomwe limapangidwa makamaka ndi petroleum ammonium sulfonate, ma hydrocarbons ndi ma alcohols. Lili ndi madzi ambiri amchere ndipo limakhala lolimba kuti likwaniritse mphamvu yoletsa madzi.

Njira yothetsera madzi yochokera m'madzi kapena mafuta yochokera ku cationic surfactant, yomwe imaletsa madzi, imachokera ku alkyl carboxylate ndi alkyl ammonium chloride salt active agents ndipo ndi yoyenera kupanga miyala yamchenga yokha.

Chogwiritsira ntchito mafuta olemera choletsa madzi ndi mtundu wa mafuta olemera omwe amasungunuka ndi emulsifier ya madzi mu mafuta. Chimapanga emulsion yolimba kwambiri ya madzi mu mafuta pambuyo poti madzi achotsedwa kuti akwaniritse cholinga chotseka madzi.

Choletsa madzi m'madzi chimakonzedwa mwa kusakaniza mafuta olemera m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito cationic surfactant ngati emulsifier ya mafuta m'madzi.

7. Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zosungunulira mchenga poyesa kuchepetsa mchenga

Musanayambe ntchito yowongolera mchenga, madzi enaake okonzedwa ndi ma surfactants ayenera kubayidwa ngati madzi oyambira kutsuka kapangidwe kake kuti akonze bwino momwe mchenga umagwirira ntchito. Pakadali pano, ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anionic surfactants.

8. Chotsukira mafuta chotsukira mafuta osakonzedwa bwino

Mu magawo oyamba ndi achiwiri obwezeretsa mafuta, zochotsera madzi mu mafuta nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mafuta osakonzedwa omwe achotsedwa. Mibadwo itatu ya zinthu yapangidwa. Mbadwo woyamba ndi carboxylate, sulfate ndi sulfonate. Mbadwo wachiwiri ndi ma surfactants otsika-molecular nonionic monga OP, Pingpingjia ndi sulfonated castor oil. Mbadwo wachitatu ndi polymer nonionic surfactant.

Mu magawo omaliza a kubwezeretsa mafuta achiwiri ndi kubwezeretsa mafuta atatu, mafuta osakonzedwa omwe amapangidwa nthawi zambiri amakhalapo mu mawonekedwe a emulsion yamafuta m'madzi. Pali mitundu inayi ya demulsifiers yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga tetradecyltrimethyloxyammonium chloride ndi didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi anionic emulsifiers kuti asinthe mtengo wawo wa hydrophilic oil balance, kapena Amakokedwa pamwamba pa tinthu ta dongo tonyowa ndi madzi, kusintha kunyowa kwawo ndikuwononga emulsions yamafuta m'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma anionic surfactants ena ndi ma nonionic surfactants osungunuka ndi mafuta omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ma emulsifiers amafuta m'madzi angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati ma demulsifiers a emulsions amafuta m'madzi.

1. Zotsukira madzi

Pambuyo poti madzi opangira mafuta alekanitsidwa ndi mafuta osakonzedwa, madzi opangidwawo ayenera kutsukidwa kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zobwezeretsanso. Pali zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zochizira madzi, zomwe ndi kuletsa dzimbiri, kupewa kukula, kuyeretsa, kuchotsa mpweya, kuchotsa mafuta ndi kuchotsa zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zoletsa dzimbiri, zoletsa kukula, mabakiteriya, zochotsa mpweya, zochotsa mafuta ndi flocculants, ndi zina zotero. Zinthu zotsatirazi zimakhudza zinthu zopangira mafuta m'mafakitale:

Ma surfactants a mafakitale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoletsa dzimbiri ndi monga mchere wa alkyl sulfonic acid, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, linear alkyl amine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, ndi alkyl pyridine salts. , mchere wa imidazoline ndi zotumphukira zake, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propargyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene rosin amine, polyoxyethylene stearylamine ndi polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers Alkyl sulfonate, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya quaternary ammonium internal salts, di(polyoxyethylene)alkyl internal salts ndi zotumphukira zake.

Zinthu zotsukira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala oletsa kuipitsa ndi monga mchere wa phosphate ester, mchere wa sulfate ester, ma acetates, ma carboxylates ndi mankhwala awo a polyoxyethylene. Kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa mchere wa sulfonate ester ndi mchere wa carboxylate kuli bwino kwambiri kuposa kwa mchere wa phosphate ester ndi mchere wa sulfate ester.

Mankhwala opangira ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fungicides ndi monga mchere wa alkylamine wolunjika, mchere wa quaternary ammonium, mchere wa alkylpyridinium, mchere wa imidazoline ndi zotumphukira zake, mchere wosiyanasiyana wa quaternary ammonium, mchere wa di(polyoxy) Vinyl ndi mchere wamkati wa zotumphukira zake.

Ma surfactants a mafakitale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mafuta m'thupi makamaka ndi ma surfactants okhala ndi nthambi komanso magulu a sodium dithiocarboxylate.

10. Chotsukira mafuta cha mankhwala osefukira

Kubwezeretsa mafuta oyambira ndi achiwiri kumatha kubwezeretsa 25%-50% ya mafuta osaphika omwe ali pansi pa nthaka, koma pakadali mafuta ambiri osaphika omwe amakhalabe pansi pa nthaka ndipo sangabwezedwe. Kubwezeretsa mafuta osaphika omwe ali pansi pa nthaka kungathandize kubwezeretsa mafuta osaphika. Kubwezeretsa mafuta osaphika omwe ali pansi pa nthaka nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito njira ya mankhwala osefukira, kutanthauza kuwonjezera mankhwala ena m'madzi olowetsedwa kuti awonjezere mphamvu ya kusefukira kwa madzi. Pakati pa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ena ndi ma surfactants a mafakitale. Chiyambi chachidule cha izi ndi ichi:

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta odzaza pogwiritsa ntchito surfactant ngati chinthu chachikulu imatchedwa surfactant flooding. Surfactants makamaka amagwira ntchito yothandiza kubwezeretsa mafuta mwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya interfacial pakati pa mafuta ndi madzi ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mitsempha yamagazi. Popeza pamwamba pa miyala yamchenga pali negative charge, ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi anionic surfactants, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi sulfonate surfactants. Amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito sulfonating agent (monga sulfur trioxide) kuti apangitse sulfonate petroleum fractions yokhala ndi hydrocarbon yambiri yonunkhira, kenako nkuwachotsa ndi alkali. Mafotokozedwe ake: chinthu chogwira ntchito 50%-80%, mineral oil 5%-30%, madzi 2%-20%, sodium sulfate 1%-6%. Petroleum sulfonate silimbana ndi kutentha, mchere, kapena ma ions achitsulo okwera mtengo. Ma sulfonates opangidwa amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma hydrocarbons ofanana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangidwira zofanana. Pakati pawo, α-olefin sulfonate imalimbana kwambiri ndi mchere ndi ma ions achitsulo okwera mtengo. Ma surfactants ena a anionic-nonionic ndi ma carboxylate surfactants angagwiritsidwenso ntchito pochotsa mafuta. Kuchotsa mafuta a surfactant kumafuna mitundu iwiri ya zowonjezera: imodzi ndi co-surfactant, monga isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenylene benzene sulfonate, ndi zina zotero, ndipo ina ndi dielectric, kuphatikizapo acid ndi alkali salts, makamaka mchere, womwe ungachepetse hydrophilicity ya surfactant ndikuwonjezera lipophilicity, komanso kusintha hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value ya active agent. Pofuna kuchepetsa kutayika kwa surfactant ndikuwonjezera zotsatira zachuma, kusefukira kwa surfactant kumagwiritsanso ntchito mankhwala otchedwa sacrificial agents. Zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati sacrificial agents zimaphatikizapo alkaline substances ndi polycarboxylic acids ndi mchere wawo. Oligomers ndi ma polima angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati sacrificial agents. Lignosulfonates ndi kusintha kwawo ndi sacrificial agents.

Njira yosinthira mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala awiri kapena angapo imatchedwa kuti madzi osakanikirana. Njira yosinthira mafuta iyi yokhudzana ndi ma surfactants imaphatikizapo: madzi osungunuka ndi madzi osungunuka a polymer; madzi osungunuka a alkali okhala ndi madzi osungunuka ndi madzi osungunuka a alkali + surfactant kapena madzi osungunuka a alkali; madzi osungunuka ndi madzi osungunuka ndi madzi osungunuka a alkali + surfactant + polymer. Madzi osungunuka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zobwezeretsa kuposa njira imodzi. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwamakono kwa zomwe zikuchitika kunyumba ndi kunja, madzi osungunuka a ternary ali ndi ubwino waukulu kuposa madzi osungunuka a binary compound. Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu madzi osungunuka a ternary compound makamaka ndi petroleum sulfonates, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwanso ntchito limodzi ndi sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid ndi carboxylates a polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, ndi polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate sodium salts. ndi zina zotero kuti apititse patsogolo kulolera kwake mchere. Posachedwapa, kunyumba ndi kunja kwa dziko lapansi, kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga rhamnolipid, sophorolipid fermentation broth, ndi zina zotero zagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, komanso ma carboxylates osakanikirana achilengedwe ndi alkali lignin yopangidwa ndi mapepala, ndi zina zotero, ndipo apeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakuyesa kwa m'munda ndi m'nyumba. Zotsatira zabwino zochotsera mafuta.