Momwe mungasankhire zinthu zosungunulira mafuta olemera ndi mafuta osaphika a sera

1. Zopangira mafuta olemera

Chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso kusayenda bwino kwa mafuta olemera, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumakumana ndi zovuta zambiri. Kuti abwezeretse mafuta olemera otere, nthawi zina madzi amadzimadzi a ma surfactants amalowetsedwa m'bowo lolowera pansi. Njira imeneyi imasintha mafuta olemera okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kukhala ma emulsions amafuta-m'madzi (O/W) okhala ndi kukhuthala kochepa, omwe amatha kupopedwa pamwamba. Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yochepetsera kukhuthala kwa mafuta olemera ndi kukhuthala ndi monga sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, ndi sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate.

Ma emulsion a mafuta omwe amapangidwa amafunika kuchotsedwa madzi kuti alekanitse gawo la madzi, zomwe zimafunanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants ena a mafakitale ngati ma demulsifier. Ma demulsifier awa ndi ma emulsifier a madzi omwe ali mu mafuta (W/O), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuphatikizapo ma surfactants a cationic, ma naphthenic acid, ma asphaltenic acid, ndi mchere wawo wachitsulo wambiri.

Pa mitundu yapadera ya mafuta olemera omwe sangagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mayunitsi opopera wamba, jakisoni wa nthunzi amafunika kuti kutentha kubwezeretsedwe. Kuti kukhale kogwira mtima pobwezeretsa kutentha, ma surfactants amafunika. Kulowetsa thovu—monga, kulowetsa zinthu zothira thovu zomwe sizitentha kwambiri pamodzi ndi mpweya wosazizira—m'zitsime zothira thovu ndi njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zinthu zothira thovu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo alkylbenzene sulfonate, α-olefin sulfonate, petroleum sulfonate, sulfonate polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, ndi sulfonate polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether.

Popeza kuti pamwamba pake pali ntchito zambiri komanso kukhazikika kwawo motsutsana ndi ma acid, alkali, mpweya, kutentha, ndi mafuta, ma surfactants okhala ndi fluorine amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri potulutsa thovu kutentha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kuti mafuta omwazika azitha kudutsa kudzera m'mabowo a mphuno kapena kupititsa patsogolo kusuntha kwa mafuta kuchokera pamalo opangira, ma surfactants omwe amadziwika kuti ma film diffusing agents amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma polyoxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.

2. Zopangira Mafuta Osaphwanyidwa a Waxy

Kuti mafuta osaphika a phula abwezeretsedwe, ntchito zopewera phula ndi kuchotsa phula ziyenera kuchitika nthawi zonse, pomwe ma surfactants amagwira ntchito ngati zoletsa phula komanso zochotsa phula.

Mankhwala ophera sera amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mankhwala osungunula mafuta ndi mankhwala osungunula madzi. Oyambawa amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yawo yoletsa sera mwa kusintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa makristalo a sera, ndipo mafuta opangidwa ndi sulfonates ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi amine ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mankhwala osungunula madzi amagwira ntchito posintha mawonekedwe a malo osungira sera (monga pamwamba pa machubu amafuta, ndodo zotsukira ndi zida zina). Zosankha zomwe zilipo ndi monga sodium alkyl sulfonates, quaternary ammonium salts, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, komanso sodium sulfonate derivatives zawo.

Mankhwala ochotsera sera amagawidwanso m'mitundu iwiri kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mankhwala ochotsera sera osungunuka ndi mafuta amaphatikizidwa mu zochotsa sera zochokera ku mafuta, pomwe mankhwala ochotsera sera osungunuka ndi madzi—kuphatikizapo sulfonate-type, quaternary ammonium salt-type, polyether-type, Tween-type ndi OP-type surfactants, komanso sulfate-esterified kapena sulfonated Peregal-type ndi OP-type surfactants—amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zochotsa sera zochokera ku madzi.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mafakitale am'dziko ndi apadziko lonse lapansi aphatikiza kuchotsa sera ndi ukadaulo woletsa sera, komanso kuphatikiza zochotsa sera zochokera ku mafuta ndi madzi kuti apange zochotsa sera zosakanikirana. Zogulitsa zotere zimagwiritsa ntchito ma hydrocarbon onunkhira ndi ma hydrocarbon osakaniza a aromatic ngati gawo la mafuta, ndi zotulutsira sera zokhala ndi mphamvu zochotsera sera ngati gawo la madzi. Pamene emulsifier yosankhidwayo ndi chinthu chopanda ionic chomwe chili ndi malo oyenera amtambo, kutentha komwe kuli pansi pa gawo losungira sera m'chitsime cha mafuta kumatha kufika kapena kupitirira malo ake amtambo. Zotsatira zake, chochotsera sera chosakanikirana chimachotsa sera chisanalowe mu gawo losungira sera, ndikugawikana m'zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito mogwirizana kuti zichotse sera.