Kupanga ukadaulo ndi zinthu zobiriwira za surfactant

Ukadaulo ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zobiriwira zapita patsogolo mofulumira, ndipo zina zafika pamlingo wapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Kupanga zinthu zatsopano zobiriwira pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zongowonjezedwanso monga mafuta ndi sitachi kwakhala cholinga chachikulu pa kafukufuku waposachedwa, chitukuko, ndi ntchito zopanga mafakitale. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ya zinthu zobiriwira ndi zochokera kuzinthuzi kukukwaniritsa zofunikira za mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Ngakhale kuti chitukuko cha mitundu yaing'ono ya surfactant yogwira ntchito chapita patsogolo mofulumira, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwake poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka. Kugwira ntchito bwino ndi njira ina yofunika kwambiri yopangira surfactant, yothandizidwa ndi malangizo a dziko lonse komanso yodziwika bwino ndi makampani. Mabungwe ofufuza m'dziko, mayunivesite, ndi makampani ayesetsa kwambiri pankhaniyi, zomwe zapereka zotsatira zabwino.

Mu madzi, ma surfactants samangosintha ntchito ya yankho (monga kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba) komanso amakhudza kwambiri zinthu zokhudzana ndi kutsuka monga kulowa, kuyamwa, kunyowetsa, kufalikira, kusungunuka, kusungunuka, ndi kutulutsa thovu—makamaka pafupi ndi kuchuluka kwa micelle (CMC) kofunikira.

Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo wopangira si mankhwala amodzi okha koma nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma homologs osiyanasiyana oyandikana nawo. Komanso, ma surfactants nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo lochepera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera konse kwa sopo, ndipo zotsalazo zimakhala ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zina zothandizira zomwe zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, njira yotsukira sopo wopangira wazinthu zambiri imakhala ndi njira yovuta komanso yogwirizana.

Gawo lalikulu la sopo wopangidwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi amphiphilic, zomwe zimakhala ndi magulu okonda madzi (okonda mafuta) komanso okonda madzi (okonda madzi). Mamolekyu amenewa amalowa m'malo olumikizirana, ndikupanga zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimachepetsa kupsinjika kwa pamwamba—chinthu chomwe chimadziwika kuti ntchito ya pamwamba (kapena interfacial). Zinthu zomwe zimasonyeza izi zimatchedwa zinthu zogwira ntchito pamwamba (surfactants).

Mukatsuka nsalu zokhala ndi mafuta ndi madzi okha, kusasakaniza kwa mafuta ndi madzi kumapangitsa kuti kuchotsa banga kukhale kovuta. Kuwonjezera sopo kapena sopo wopangira zinthu kumasintha kupsinjika kwa mafuta, madzi, nsalu, ndi mpweya, zomwe zimayambitsa njira monga kulowa, kulowetsedwa, kunyowetsa, kufalikira, kusungunuka, ndi thovu. Kuphatikiza ndi ntchito yamakina (kutsuka kapena kusuntha kwa makina), izi zimathandiza kuchotsa banga la mafuta bwino.