Kodi biosurfactants ndi chiyani?

Ma biosurfactants ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda panthawi ya kagayidwe kachakudya m'mikhalidwe inayake yolima. Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants opangidwa ndi mankhwala, ma biosurfactants ali ndi zinthu zambiri zapadera, monga kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe kake, kuwonongeka kwa biodegradable, ntchito yayikulu ya zamoyo, komanso kusamala chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha zinthu monga kupezeka kwa zinthu zopangira, mtengo, ndi kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a ma surfactants opangidwa—kuphatikiza ndi chizolowezi chawo choyambitsa kuipitsa kwambiri chilengedwe komanso kuyika pachiwopsezo thanzi la anthu panthawi yopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito—kafukufuku wa ma biosurfactants wakula kwambiri m'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi pamene chidziwitso cha chilengedwe ndi thanzi chawonjezeka. Mundawu wakula mofulumira, ndi ma patent ambiri omwe aperekedwa padziko lonse lapansi a ma biosurfactants osiyanasiyana ndi njira zawo zopangira. Ku China, kafukufuku wayang'ana kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ma biosurfactants pakubwezeretsa mafuta ndi kubwezeretsa bioremediation.

1. Mitundu ya Biosurfactants ndi Mitundu Yopangira

1.1 Mitundu ya Biosurfactants

Ma surfactants opangidwa ndi mankhwala nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu kutengera magulu awo a polar, pomwe ma biosurfactants amagawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapanga. Nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu asanu: ma glycolipids, ma phospholipids ndi mafuta acids, ma lipopeptides ndi ma lipoproteins, ma polymeric surfactants, ndi ma surfactants apadera.

1.2 Kupanga Mitundu ya Biosurfactants

Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi omwe amachokera ku mabakiteriya, yisiti, ndi bowa. Mitundu imeneyi imatulutsa mafuta ambiri kuchokera ku nyanja, nthaka, kapena malo okhala ndi madzi a m'nyanja omwe ali ndi mafuta.

2. Kupanga kwa Biosurfactants

Pakadali pano, zinthu zopanga zinthu zamoyo zimatha kupangidwa kudzera m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: kuwiritsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kupanga ma enzyme.

Mu kuwiritsa, mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zachilengedwe zimadalira makamaka mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kukula kwake, mtundu wa carbon substrate, kuchuluka kwa N, P, ndi ayoni achitsulo (monga Mg²⁺ ndi Fe²⁺) mu malo olima, komanso mikhalidwe yolima (pH, kutentha, liwiro logwedezeka, ndi zina zotero). Ubwino wa kuwiritsa umaphatikizapo ndalama zochepa zopangira, kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu, ndi njira zosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kupanga mafakitale akuluakulu. Komabe, ndalama zolekanitsa ndi kuyeretsa zimatha kukhala zokwera.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma surfactants opangidwa ndi enzymatic nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kapangidwe kosavuta ka mamolekyu koma amasonyezanso ntchito yabwino kwambiri pamwamba. Ubwino wa njira ya enzymatic ndi monga kuchepetsa ndalama zochotsera, kusasinthasintha kwa kapangidwe kake, kuyeretsa kosavuta, komanso kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa ma enzyme osayenda. Kuphatikiza apo, ma surfactants opangidwa ndi enzymatic angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zamtengo wapatali, monga zigawo za mankhwala. Ngakhale kuti mtengo wa ma enzyme pakadali pano ndi wokwera, kupita patsogolo kwa majini kuti kulimbikitse kukhazikika kwa ma enzyme ndi ntchito zake kukuyembekezeka kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira.