Biosurfactants ni iki?

Biosurfactants ni metabolites zituruka mu mikorobe mu gihe cy’imikorere yazo mu buryo bwihariye bwo guhinga. Ugereranije na surfactants zikozwe mu buryo bwa shimi, biosurfactants zifite imiterere myinshi yihariye, nko kuba imiterere itandukanye, kwangirika kw’ibinyabuzima, imikorere yagutse ya biyolojiya, no kutabangamira ibidukikije. Bitewe n’ibintu nk’ibikoresho fatizo biboneka, ikiguzi, n’imikorere mibi ya surfactants zikozwe mu buryo bwa sintetike—hamwe n’uburyo zitera umwanda ukomeye ku bidukikije no guteza ibyago ku buzima bw’abantu mu gihe cyo kuzitunganya no kuzikoresha—ubushakashatsi ku biyoloji bwariyongereye cyane mu myaka makumyabiri ishize uko ubumenyi ku bidukikije n’ubuzima bwakomeje kwiyongera. Uru rwego rwateye imbere vuba, aho hari patenti nyinshi zatanzwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ku biyolojiya bitandukanye n’uburyo zikorwa. Mu Bushinwa, ubushakashatsi bwibanze cyane cyane ku ikoreshwa rya biosurfactants mu kongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura no gutunganya amavuta.

1. Ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bya Biosurfactants n'ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bibyazwa umusaruro

1.1 Ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire by'ibinyabuzima

Ibikoresho bya surfactants byakozwe mu buryo bwa chimique bikunze gushyirwa mu byiciro hashingiwe ku matsinda yabyo yo mu kirere, mu gihe biosurfactants zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo ya biochemical hamwe na mikorobe zibikora. Muri rusange bigabanyijemo ubwoko butanu: glycolipides, phospholipides na aside fats, lipopeptides na lipoproteins, polymeric surfactants, na surfactants zihariye.

1.2 Gukora ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bya Biosurfactants

Inyinshi mu binyabuzima bikomoka kuri bagiteri, imisemburo n'ibihumyo. Utu dukoko dukora dupimwa cyane cyane mu biyaga, mu butaka cyangwa mu mazi byandujwe na peteroli.

2. Gukora Biosurfactants

Muri iki gihe, biosurfactants zishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi: fermentation ya mikorobe na enzyme synthesis.

Mu guhinga, ubwoko n'umusaruro wa biosurfactants biterwa ahanini n'ubwoko bwa mikorobe, aho ikura, imiterere ya karuboni, ingano ya N, P, na iyoni z'icyuma (nka Mg²⁺ na Fe²⁺) mu buryo bwo guhingwa, ndetse n'imiterere y'ubuhinzi (pH, ubushyuhe, umuvuduko wo guhinga, nibindi). Ibyiza byo guhinga birimo ikiguzi gito cyo gukora, ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibicuruzwa, n'imikorere yoroshye, bigatuma biba byiza ku musaruro munini w'inganda. Ariko, ikiguzi cyo gutandukanya no gutunganya gishobora kuba kinini.

Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibintu bikozwe muri enzyme akenshi bigira imiterere yoroshye ya molekile ariko bikagira imikorere myiza cyane ku buso. Inyungu z'uburyo bwa enzyme zirimo kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukuramo, koroshya guhindura imiterere, gutunganya neza, no kongera gukoresha enzymes zidakora. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bikozwe muri enzymes bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibintu bifite agaciro gakomeye, nk'ibice bigize imiti. Nubwo ikiguzi cya enzymes kiri hejuru muri iki gihe, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya genetiki kugira ngo hongerwe ubushobozi bwo kugumana enzymes no gukora neza, ryitezwe ko rigabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora.