Biosurfactants ni iki?

Biosurfactants ni metabolite isohorwa na mikorobe mugihe cyimikorere yabyo mugihe cyihariye cyo guhinga. Ugereranije n’imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa shimi, biosurfactants ifite ibintu byinshi byihariye, nk'imiterere itandukanye, ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima bigari, hamwe n’ibidukikije. Bitewe nibintu nkibikoresho biboneka biboneka, ikiguzi, hamwe nubushobozi buke bwimikorere ya sintetike yubukorikori - hamwe nubushake bwabo bwo guteza umwanda ukabije w’ibidukikije no guteza ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha no kuyikoresha - ubushakashatsi ku binyabuzima byiyongereye cyane mu myaka 20 ishize kuko ubumenyi bw’ibidukikije n’ubuzima bwiyongereye. Umurima wateye imbere byihuse, hamwe na patenti nyinshi zatanzwe mumahanga kubintu bitandukanye biosurfactants nibikorwa byazo. Mu Bushinwa, ubushakashatsi bwibanze ahanini ku ikoreshwa rya biosurfactants mu kongera amavuta no kongera bioremediation.

1.Ubwoko bwa Biosurfactants no kubyara imbaraga

1.1 Ubwoko bwa Biosurfactants

Imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa shimi isanzwe ishyirwa mu byiciro hashingiwe ku matsinda yabo ya polar, mu gihe ibinyabuzima byangiza umubiri byashyizwe mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere y’ibinyabuzima na mikorobe itanga umusaruro. Mubisanzwe bigabanyijemo ubwoko butanu: glycolipide, fosifolipide na aside irike, lipopeptide na lipoproteine, surfactants polymeric, hamwe na surfactants kabuhariwe.

1.2 Gutanga imbaraga za Biosurfactants

Ibinyabuzima byinshi ni metabolite ya bagiteri, imisemburo, hamwe nibihumyo. Izi nganda zitanga umusaruro zigenzurwa ahanini n’ibiyaga byanduye amavuta, ubutaka, cyangwa ibidukikije byo mu nyanja.

2.Umusaruro wa Biosurfactants

Kugeza ubu, biosurfactants irashobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bubiri bwingenzi: fermentation ya mikorobe na synthesis.

Muri fermentation, ubwoko n'umusaruro wa biosurfactants biterwa cyane cyane nubwoko bwa mikorobe, icyiciro cyayo cyo gukura, imiterere ya substrate ya karubone, kwibanda kwa N, P, hamwe nicyuma cya ion (nka Mg²⁺ na Fe²⁺) murwego rwumuco, hamwe nuburyo bwo guhinga (pH, ubushyuhe, umuvuduko ukabije, nibindi). Ibyiza bya fermentation harimo ibiciro byumusaruro muke, ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, nibikorwa byoroshye, bigatuma bikwiranye ninganda nini nini. Ariko, ibiciro byo gutandukana no kwezwa birashobora kuba byinshi.

Ibinyuranyo, insimburangingo ikomatanya akenshi iba ifite imiterere ya molekile yoroshye ariko ikerekana ibikorwa byiza cyane. Inyungu zuburyo bwa enzymatique zirimo amafaranga yo gukuramo make, koroshya guhindura imiterere, kwezwa neza, hamwe no kongera gukoresha imisemburo yimitsi. Byongeye kandi, insimburangingo ikoreshwa neza irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro, nkibigize imiti. Nubwo ibiciro bya enzyme biri hejuru cyane, iterambere mubikorwa byubwubatsi kugirango byongere imbaraga za enzyme kandi ibikorwa biteganijwe kugabanya amafaranga yakoreshejwe.