Codsiga surfactants ee wax soo saarka saliidda

Codsigawaxyaabaha surfactants-ka ahwax soo saarka shidaalka

1. Qalabka lagu shubo ee loo isticmaalo qodista saliidda culus

Sababtoo ah nuugista sare iyo dareeraha liita ee saliidda culus, waxay keentaa dhibaatooyin badan oo ku yimaada qodista macdanta. Si loo soo saaro saliidaha culus, mararka qaarkood waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu duro xal biyood ah oo ah godka hoose ee surfactant si saliidda culus ee viscosity-ga sare loogu beddelo emulsion saliid-ku-jirta biyaha oo hoos u dhacda oo looga soo saaro dusha sare. Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo habkan yaraynta viscosity-ga saliidda culus waxaa ka mid ah sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, polyoxyethylene Vinyl alkyl alcohol ether sulfate sodium milix, iwm. Emulsion-ka saliidda-ku-jirta biyaha wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu kala saaro biyaha oo uu isticmaalo qaar ka mid ah surfactants-ka warshadaha sida demulsifiers si loo fuuq-baxo. Demulsifiers-yadani waa emulsifiers-ka biyaha-ku-jirta. Caadiyan waxaa loo isticmaalaa surfactants-ka cationic ama acids naphthenic, asiidhyada asfaltonic iyo milixdooda birta badan.

Saliid culus oo gaar ah laguma qodi karo cutubyada bamgareynta caadiga ah waxayna u baahan tahay duritaan uumi ah si loo soo celiyo kulaylka. Si loo hagaajiyo saameynta soo kabashada kulaylka, waxaa loo baahan yahay in la isticmaalo surfactants. Ku duritaanka xumbo ceelka duritaanka uumiga, taas oo ah, duritaanka wakiilka xumbo u adkaysta heerkulka sare iyo gaaska aan la isku qasin karin, waa mid ka mid ah hababka wax ka beddelka ee caadiga ah.

Walxaha xumbaynta ee caadiga ah ee la isticmaalo waa alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers iyo sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, iwm. Sababtoo ah surfactants fluorinated waxay leeyihiin firfircooni sare oo dusha sare ah waxayna ku xasilan yihiin asiidhyada, alkalis, oksijiinta, kulaylka iyo saliidda, waa wakiilada xumbaynta heerkulka sare ee ku habboon. Si saliidda kala firdhisan ay si fudud ugu gudubto qaab-dhismeedka dhuunta daloolka ee sameynta, ama si saliidda dusha sare ee sameynta looga dhigo mid fudud in la saaro, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo surfactant oo loo yaqaan wakiilka faafinta filimka. Midka caadiga ah ee la isticmaalo waa firfircoonida dusha sare ee resin phenolic resin oxyalkylated. wakiil.

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1. Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan "surfactants" ee lagu qodo saliidda cayriin ee wax lagu shubo

Ka faa'iidaysiga saliidda cayriin ee shay-caan ah waxay u baahan tahay ka hortagga shamaca si joogto ah iyo ka saarista shamaca. Surfactants-ku waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii wax joojiya shamaca iyo kuwa ka saara shamaca. Waxaa jira surfactants-ka saliidda ku milma iyo surfactants-ka biyaha ku milma ee loo isticmaalo ka hortagga shamaca. Kan hore wuxuu ciyaaraa door ka hortagga shamaca isagoo beddelaya sifooyinka dusha sare ee kiristaalka shamaca. Surfactants-ka saliidda ku milma ee caadiga ah waa sulfonates-ka batroolka iyo surfactants-ka amine. Surfactants-ka biyaha ku milma waxay ciyaaraan door ka hortagga shamaca iyagoo beddelaya sifooyinka dusha sare ee shamaca sameeyay (sida tuubooyinka saliidda, ulaha nuugista iyo dusha sare ee qalabka). Surfactants-ka la heli karo waxaa ka mid ah sodium alkyl sulfonates, cusbada ammonium quaternary, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers iyo cusbada sodium sulfonate, iwm. Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo ka saarista shamaca sidoo kale waxay u qaybsan yihiin laba dhinac. Surfactants-ka ku milma saliidda waxaa loo isticmaalaa ka saarista shamaca ku salaysan saliidda, iyo nooca sulfonate-ka ee biyaha ku milma, nooca cusbada ammonium-ka ee quaternary, nooca polyether, nooca Tween, nooca OP surfactants, nooca fidsan ee sulfate-ku salaysan ama sulfo-alkylated iyo nooca OP-ga.sunfactants waxaa loo isticmaalaa ka saarista shamaca biyaha ku salaysan. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, ka saarista shamaca gudaha iyo dibadda ayaa si dabiici ah loo isku daray, ka saarista shamaca saliidda ku salaysan iyo ka saarista shamaca biyaha ku salaysanna si dabiici ah ayaa loogu daray si loo soo saaro ka saarista shamaca isku dhafan. Ka saarista shamacani waxay isticmaashaa hydrocarbons udgoon iyo hydrocarbons udgoon isku dhafan marxaladda saliidda, waxayna isticmaashaa emulsifier oo leh saameyn ka saarista shamaca marxaladda biyaha. Marka emulsifier-ka la doortay uu yahay surfactant aan ionic ahayn oo leh dhibic daruur ku habboon, heerkulka ka hooseeya qaybta wax-soo-saarka ee ceelka saliidda wuxuu gaari karaa ama ka gudbi karaa barta daruurtiisa, si ka saarista shamaca isku dhafan ay u awooddo Emulsification-ku waa la jabiyaa ka hor inta uusan gelin qaybta sameysa shamaca, laba wakiil oo nadiifiya shamacana waa la kala saaraa, kuwaas oo isla mar ahaantaas door ka ciyaara nadiifinta shamaca.

3. Daawaynta hawadaloo isticmaalo xasilinta dhoobada

Dhoobada xasilinaysa waxay u qaybsan tahay laba dhinac: ka hortagga faafitaanka macdanta dhoobada iyo ka hortagga socdaalka walxaha macdanta dhoobada ah. Cationic surfactants sida nooca cusbada amine, nooca cusbada ammonium ee quaternary, nooca cusbada pyridinium, iyo milixda imidazoline ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si looga hortago bararka dhoobada. Fluorine-ka ku jira nonionic-cationic surfactants ayaa la heli karaa si looga hortago socdaalka walxaha macdanta dhoobada ah.

4. Daawaynta hawadaloo isticmaalo cabbiraadaha aashitada

Si loo hagaajiyo saameynta aashitada, waxaa guud ahaan lagu daraa xalalka aashitada noocyo kala duwan. Surfactant kasta oo la jaanqaadaya xalka aashitada oo si fudud loogu nuugo sameynta waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wax ka celin kara aashitada. Sida dufanka amine hydrochloride, cusbada aashitada ee quaternary, milixda pyridine ee surfactants-ka cationic iyo sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate ester salted ama sulfate ester salted polyoxyethylene alkanes ee amphoteric surfactants saldhig phenol ether, iwm. Qaar ka mid ah surfactants-ka, sida dodecyl sulfonic acid iyo milixda alkylamine-keeda, waxay emuls-ka saari karaan dareeraha aashitada ee saliidda si ay u soo saaraan emulsion-ka aashitada ku jira saliidda. Emulsion-kan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa dareere warshadeed oo aashitada ku jira waxayna sidoo kale door ka ciyaartaa dib u dhac.

Qaar ka mid ah walxaha surfactant-ka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii walxaha ka hortagga aashitada dareeraha. Waxyaabaha surfactant-ka leh ee leh qaab-dhismeedyo laamo leh sida polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether iyo polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene pentaethylene hexaamine waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii walxaha ka hortagga aashitada.

Qaar ka mid ah walxaha surfactants-ka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii qalab loogu talagalay dheecaanka aashitada ku yar. Waxyaabaha surfactants-ka ee loo isticmaali karo qalabka dheecaanka waxaa ka mid ah nooca cusbada amine, nooca cusbada ammonium ee quaternary, nooca cusbada pyridinium, walxaha surfactants-ka ee nonionic, amphoteric iyo fluorine-ka ku jira.

Qaar ka mid ah surfactants-ka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wakiilo aashito-saaraya oo ka hortaga wasakhda, sida surfactants-ka saliidda ku milma, sida alkylphenols, acids fatty, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, quaternary ammonium milix, iwm. Maadaama ay leeyihiin milmi aashito liidata, surfactants-ka aan ionic ahayn ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu kala firdhiyo xalka aashitada.

Si loo hagaajiyo saameynta aashitada, waxaa loo baahan yahay in lagu daro wakiil dib-u-rogid ah oo lagu shubo xalka aashitada si loo beddelo qoyaanka aagga u dhow ceelka laga bilaabo lipophilic ilaa hydrophilic. Isku darka polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers iyo polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers-cusbo leh oo fosfate-ku-salaysan ayaa lagu nuugaa sameynta si loo sameeyo lakabka nuugista saddexaad, kaas oo door ka ciyaara qoynta iyo dib-u-rogidda.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah surfactants, sida fatty amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium milix ama nonionic-anionic surfactant, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo sidii wakiilo xumbo si loo sameeyo dareere shaqeynaya aashitada xumbo si loo gaaro ujeeddada gaabinta daxalka iyo aashitada qoto dheer, ama Xumbo ayaa laga sameeyaa tan waxaana loo isticmaalaa sidii dareere kahor aashitada. Ka dib marka lagu duro sameynta, xalka aashitada ayaa la duraa. Saamaynta Jamin ee ay soo saarto xumbo ku jirta xumbada ayaa leexin karta dareeraha aashitada, taasoo ku qasbeysa dareeraha aashitada inuu inta badan milmo lakabka hoose ee permeability, taasoo hagaajineysa saameynta aashitada.

5. Qalabka dul-saarista ee loo isticmaalo cabbiraadaha jabka

Cabbiraadaha jabka waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa goobaha saliidda ee aan si fiican u dhex gelin karin. Waxay isticmaalaan cadaadis si ay u furaan sameynta si ay u sameeyaan jabka, waxayna isticmaalaan proppant si ay u taageeraan jabka si loo yareeyo iska caabbinta socodka dareeraha loona gaaro ujeeddada kordhinta wax soo saarka iyo feejignaanta. Dareeraha jabka qaarkood waxaa lagu sameeyay surfactants oo ka mid ah maaddooyinka.

Dareeraha jabka saliidda ee biyaha ku jira waxaa lagu sameeyaa biyo, saliid iyo emulsifiers. Emulsifiers-ka la isticmaalo waa ionic, nonionic iyo amphoteric surfactants. Haddii biyaha qaro weyn loo isticmaalo marxaladda dibadda oo saliidda loo isticmaalo marxaladda gudaha, waxaa la diyaarin karaa dareere jabka saliidda ku jira oo qaro weyn (polymer emulsion). Dareerahan jabka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa heerkul ka hooseeya 160°C wuxuuna si toos ah u jebin karaa emulsions-ka wuxuuna daadin karaa dareeraha.

Dareeraha jabka xumbo waa dareere jajab ah oo biyaha u adeegsada sida dhexdhexaadka kala firdhinta iyo gaaska marxaladda kala firdhisan. Qaybaha ugu muhiimsan waa biyaha, gaaska iyo wakiilka xumbo. Alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, cusbada alkyl sulfate ester, cusbada ammonium quaternary iyo OP surfactants dhammaantood waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wakiilo xumbo. Isugeynta wakiilka xumbo ee biyaha ku jira guud ahaan waa 0.5-2%, saamiga mugga wejiga gaaska iyo mugga xumbadana waa inta u dhaxaysa 0.5-0.9.

Dareeraha jajabka ku salaysan saliidda waa dareere jajab ah oo lagu sameeyay saliid sida dareere ama dhexdhexaad kala firdhisan. Saliidda ugu badan ee la isticmaalo goobta waa saliid cayriin ah ama qaybteeda culus. Si loo hagaajiyo dhecsanaanta iyo sifooyinka heerkulka, waxaa loo baahan yahay in lagu daro sulfonate-ka saliidda ku milma (miisaanka molecular 300-750). Dareeraha jajabka ku salaysan saliidda waxaa sidoo kale ka mid ah dareerayaasha jajabka biyaha ku jira saliidda iyo dareerayaasha jajabka saliidda. Emulsifiers-ka loo isticmaalo kan hore waa surfactants anionic-milimi kara saliidda, surfactants cationic iyo surfactants nonionic, halka xasiliyeyaasha xumbo ee loo isticmaalo kan dambe ay yihiin surfactants polymer-ka ku jira fluorine.

Dareeraha jabka ee xasaasiga ah ee biyaha ayaa isticmaala isku darka aalkolada (sida ethylene glycol) iyo saliidda (sida gaaska) sida dhexdhexaadka kala firdhinta, dareeraha kaarboon laba ogsaydh oo ah marxaladda kala firdhisan, iyo polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether oo lagu daray sulfate-cusbo sida emulsifier. Ama emulsion ama xumbo lagu sameeyay walax xumbo leh si loo jabiyo qaababka xasaasiga ah ee biyaha.

Dareeraha jajabka ee loo isticmaalo jajabinta iyo aashitada waa dareere jajaban iyo dareere aashitada. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa qaab-dhismeedka carbonate, labada cabbirna waa la sameeyaa isku mar. La xiriira surfactants waa xumbo aashitada iyo emulsion aashitada. Kan hore wuxuu isticmaalaa alkyl sulfonate ama alkyl benzene sulfonate sidii wakiil xumbo, kan dambena wuxuu isticmaalaa sulfonate surfactant sida emulsifier. Sida dareerayaasha aashitada, dareerayaasha jajabka waxay sidoo kale u isticmaalaan surfactants sidii anti-emulsifiers, caawiyayaasha dheecaanka iyo wakiilada qoynta, kuwaas oo aan halkan lagu falanqeyn doonin.

6. Isticmaal walxaha surfactants si aad u xakamayso astaanta guud iyo tallaabooyinka xannibaadda biyaha.

Si loo hagaajiyo saameynta horumarinta duritaanka biyaha loona xakameeyo heerka sii kordhaya ee heerka biyaha saliidda cayriin, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la hagaajiyo muuqaalka nuugista biyaha ee ceelasha duritaanka biyaha iyo in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyadoo la xannibayo biyaha ceelasha wax soo saarka. Qaar ka mid ah hababka xakamaynta astaanta iyo xannibaadda biyaha ayaa badanaa isticmaala qaar ka mid ah surfactants.

Wakiilka xakamaynta astaanta guud ee jelka HPC/SDS wuxuu ka kooban yahay hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) iyo sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) oo ku jira biyo nadiif ah.

Sodium alkyl sulfonate iyo alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride ayaa si isku mid ah loogu milmaa biyo si loo diyaariyo laba dareere oo shaqeeya, kuwaas oo midba midka kale lagu duro. Labada dareere ee shaqeeya ayaa is dhexgala marka la samaynayo si ay u soo saaraan alkyl trimethylamine. Sulfite-ku wuxuu soo daayaa oo xiraa lakabka sare ee permeability-ka.

Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, alkyl aryl sulfonates, iwm. waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wakiilo xumbo sameeya, oo lagu milmo biyo si loo diyaariyo dareere shaqeynaya, ka dibna lagu duriyo sameynta iyadoo lagu beddelayo dareeraha shaqeeya ee kaarboon laba ogsaydh, oo kaliya marka la sameeyo (inta badan sare) lakabka la dhex mari karo wuxuu sameeyaa xumbo, wuxuu soo saaraa xannibaad, wuxuuna door ka ciyaaraa xakamaynta astaanta.

Iyada oo la adeegsanayo surfactant ammonium quaternary ah oo ah walax xumbo leh oo ku milma silicic acid sol oo ka kooban ammonium sulfate iyo galaas biyo ah oo lagu duro sameynta, ka dibna lagu duro gaas aan la isku qasin karin (gaaska dabiiciga ah ama koloriin), qaab dareere ah ayaa marka hore la abuuri karaa marka la sameeyo. Xumbada ku jirta lakabka kala-baxa, oo ay ku xigto jelitaanka silicic acid sol, waxay soo saartaa xumbo adag oo ah dhexdhexaadinta kala-baxa, taas oo door ka ciyaarta xidhitaanka lakabka sare ee permeability iyo xakamaynta profile-ka.

Iyada oo la adeegsanayo surfactants-ka sulfonate sida wakiilada xumbo iyo isku-dhafka polymer-ka sida xasiliyeyaasha xumbo ee dhumucda, ka dibna lagu durayo walxaha gaaska ama gaaska dhaliya, xumbo ku salaysan biyaha ayaa laga sameeyaa dhulka ama qaab-dhismeedka. Xumbadani waxay ku firfircoon tahay dusha sare ee lakabka saliidda. Xaddi badan oo ka mid ah wakiilka ayaa u guura is-dhexgalka saliidda iyo biyaha, taasoo keenta burburka xumbada, sidaas darteed ma xannibto lakabka saliidda. Waa wakiil xulasho leh oo ceelka saliidda ka ilaaliya biyaha.

Wakiilka biyaha ceelasha ku salaysan ee saliidda joojiya waa suuska sibidhka ee saliidda. Dusha sare ee sibidhka waa mid biyo-u-yaal ah. Marka uu galo lakabka biyaha soo saara, biyuhu waxay kala firdhiyaan isdhexgalka ceelka saliidda iyo sibidhka dusha sare ee sibidhka, taasoo keenta in sibidhku adkaado oo uu xannibo lakabka biyaha soo saara. Si loo hagaajiyo dareeraha wakiilkan ku xidhma, waxaa badanaa lagu daraa surfactants-ka carboxylate iyo sulfonate.

Walax biyaha joojisa oo ku salaysan dareeraha micellar-ka ee biyaha ku milma waa xal micellar ah oo inta badan ka kooban batrool ammonium sulfonate, hydrocarbons iyo alkohols. Waxa ku jira biyo milix badan oo ku jira sameynta waxayna noqotaa mid jilicsan si ay u gaarto saameyn biyo xannibaysa.

Wakiilka biyaha xanniba ee xalka cationic surfactant ee ku salaysan biyaha ama saliidda wuxuu ku salaysan yahay walxaha firfircoon ee milixda alkyl carboxylate iyo alkyl ammonium chloride, wuxuuna ku habboon yahay oo keliya sameynta dhagaxa ciidda.

Walax firfircoon oo biyaha joojisa waa nooc ka mid ah saliid culus oo lagu milmo emulsifier-ka biyaha ku jira. Waxay soo saartaa emulsion biyo ku jira oo aad u qaro weyn ka dib marka la nadiifiyo biyaha si loo gaaro ujeeddada lagu xirayo biyaha.

Walxaha biyaha joojiya ee saliidda ku jira waxaa lagu diyaariyaa iyadoo saliid culus lagu shubayo biyaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo cationic surfactant oo ah emulsifier saliid ku jira biyaha.

7. Isticmaal walxaha dusha sare leh si aad u cabbirto xakamaynta ciidda

Kahor inta aan la fulin hawlgallada xakamaynta ciidda, xaddi gaar ah oo biyo firfircoon oo lagu diyaariyey surfactants ayaa loo baahan yahay in lagu duro sidii dareere hore si loo nadiifiyo qaab-dhismeedka si loo hagaajiyo saameynta xakamaynta ciidda. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, surfactants-ka ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa anionic surfactants.

8. Dareeraha si loogu isticmaalo fuuq-baxa saliidda cayriin

Marxaladaha soo kabashada saliidda aasaasiga ah iyo tan labaad, waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa saliidaha cayriin ee biyaha ku jira saliidda. Saddex jiil oo badeecooyin ah ayaa la sameeyay. Jiilka koowaad waa carboxylate, sulfate iyo sulfonate. Jiilka labaad waa surfactants nonionic molecular-low-molecular sida OP, Pingpingjia iyo saliid castor sulfonated. Jiilka saddexaad waa surfactant nonionic polymer.

Marxaladaha dambe ee soo kabashada saliidda labaad iyo soo kabashada saliidda saddexaad, saliidda cayriin ee la soo saaray waxay inta badan ku jirtaa qaab emulsion saliid-ku-jirta biyaha. Waxaa jira afar nooc oo demulsifiers ah oo la isticmaalo, sida tetradecyltrimethyloxyammonium chloride iyo didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Waxay la falgeli karaan emulsifiers anionic si ay u beddelaan qiimaha dheelitirka saliidda hydrophilic, ama waxay ku milmaan dusha sare ee walxaha dhoobada biyaha qoyan, iyagoo beddelaya qoyaankooda oo burburinaya emulsions saliidda-ku-jirta biyaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar ka mid ah surfactants anionic iyo surfactants nonionic-milmi kara saliidda oo loo isticmaali karo emulsifiers biyo-ku-jirta ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa demulsifiers si loogu isticmaalo emulsions saliidda-ku-jirta biyaha.

1. Daawaynta biyaha ee loogu talagalay daaweynta biyaha

Ka dib marka dareeraha soo saarista ceelka saliidda laga sooco saliidda cayriin, biyaha la soo saaray waa in la daaweeyaa si loo daboolo shuruudaha dib-u-durista. Waxaa jira lix ujeedo oo daaweynta biyaha ah, kuwaas oo kala ah joojinta daxalka, ka hortagga miisaanka, nadiifinta, ka saarista oksijiinta, ka saarista saliidda iyo ka saarista walxaha adag ee la hakiyey. Sidaa darteed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo daawooyinka ka hortagga daxalka, wakiilada ka hortagga daxalka, bakteeriyada dila, walxaha ka soo saara oksijiinta, kuwa ka saara dufanka iyo kuwa ka saara dufanka, iwm. Qodobbada soo socda waxay ku lug leeyihiin walxaha ka soo saara biyaha ee warshadaha:

Waxyaabaha warshadaha ee loo isticmaalo sidii kuwa ka hortaga daxalka waxaa ka mid ah cusbooyinka alkyl sulfonic acid, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, cusbooyinka alkyl amine ee toosan, cusbooyinka ammonium quaternary, iyo cusbooyinka alkyl pyridine., cusbooyinka imidazoline iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propargyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene rosin amine, polyoxyethylene stearylamine iyo polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers Alkyl sulfonate, cusbooyinka gudaha ee quaternary ammonium, milixda gudaha ee di(polyoxyethylene) alkyl iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda.

Waxyaabaha loo isticmaalo walxaha ka hortagga wasakhda waxaa ka mid ah cusbada phosphate ester, cusbada sulfate ester, acetates, carboxylates iyo iskudhisyadooda polyoxyethylene. Xasiloonida kulaylka ee cusbada sulfonate ester iyo cusbada carboxylate ayaa si weyn uga wanaagsan tan cusbada phosphate ester iyo cusbada sulfate ester.

Waxyaabaha warshadaha ee loo isticmaalo sunta cayayaanka waxaa ka mid ah cusbooyinka alkylamine ee toosan, cusbada ammonium ee quaternary, cusbada alkylpyridinium, cusbada imidazoline iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda, cusbooyinka ammonium ee quaternary ee kala duwan, alkyl di (polyoxy) Vinyl iyo cusbooyinka gudaha ee ka soo jeeda.

Duufiyeyaasha warshadaha ee loo isticmaalo dufcadaha ayaa inta badan ah kuwa leh qaab-dhismeedyo laamo leh iyo kooxo sodium dithiocarboxylate ah.

10. Daawaynta biyaha ee daadadka saliidda kiimikada

Soo kabashada saliidda aasaasiga ah iyo tan labaad waxay soo celin kartaa 25%-50% saliidda cayriin ee dhulka hoostiisa ku jirta, laakiin weli waxaa jira saliid cayriin badan oo ku harsan dhulka hoostiisa oo aan la soo celin karin. Sameynta soo kabashada saliidda saddexaad waxay hagaajin kartaa soo kabashada saliidda cayriin. Soo kabashada saliidda saddexaad waxay inta badan isticmaashaa habka daadadka kiimikada, taas oo ah, in lagu daro walxo kiimiko ah biyaha la muday si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka daadadka biyaha. Kiimikooyinka la isticmaalo, qaarkood waa kuwa warshadaha. Hordhac kooban oo ku saabsan waa sidan soo socota:

Habka daadadka saliidda kiimikada ee loo adeegsado surfactant oo ah wakiilka ugu weyn waxaa loo yaqaan daadad surfactant. Surfactants-ku waxay inta badan door ka ciyaaraan hagaajinta soo kabashada saliidda iyagoo yareynaya xiisadda isku xirka saliidda iyo biyaha iyo kordhinta tirada xididdada dhiigga. Maadaama dusha sare ee sameynta dhagaxa ciidda si xun loo dallaco, surfactants-ka la isticmaalo inta badan waa surfactants anionic, badankooduna waa surfactants sulfonate. Waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo wakiil sulfonating ah (sida sulfur trioxide) si loo sulfonate jajabyada batroolka oo leh hydrocarbon udgoon oo sare, ka dibna lagu dhexdhexaadiyo alkali. Tilmaamaha ay bixiso: walaxda firfircoon 50%-80%, saliidda macdanta 5%-30%, biyaha 2%-20%, sodium sulfate 1%-6%. Sulfonate-ka batroolka ah uma adkaysto heerkulka, milixda, ama ionnada birta ee qiimaha sare leh. Sulfonates-ka synthetic-ga waxaa laga diyaariyaa hydrocarbons-ka u dhigma iyadoo la adeegsanayo hababka isku dhafka ah ee u dhigma. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, α-olefin sulfonate wuxuu si gaar ah u adkaystaa milixda iyo ionnada birta ee valentine-ka badan. Surfactants-ka kale ee anionic-nonionic iyo surfactants-ka carboxylate ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa barakicinta saliidda. Barakicinta saliidda surfactant waxay u baahan tahay laba nooc oo lagu daro: mid waa co-surfactant, sida isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenylene benzene sulfonate, iwm., kan kalena waa dielectric, oo ay ku jiraan cusbooyinka aashitada iyo alkali, inta badan cusbada, kuwaas oo yarayn kara hydrophilicity-ka surfactant-ka oo si weyn u kordhin kara lipophilicity-ka, iyo sidoo kale beddeli kara qiimaha dheelitirka hydrophilic-lipophilic ee wakiilka firfircoon. Si loo yareeyo luminta surfactant loona hagaajiyo saameynta dhaqaale, daadadka surfactant waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan kiimikooyin loo yaqaan wakiillo allabari. Walxaha loo isticmaali karo wakiillo allabari waxaa ka mid ah walxaha alkaline iyo asiidhyada polycarboxylic iyo milixdooda. Oligomers iyo polymers-ka ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa wakiillo allabari. Lignosulfonates iyo wax-ka-beddelkooda waa wakiillo allabaryo ah.

Habka barakicinta saliidda iyadoo la adeegsanayo laba ama in ka badan oo ah wakiilada ugu muhiimsan ee barakicinta saliidda kiimikada waxaa loo yaqaan daadad isku dhafan. Habkan barakicinta saliidda ee la xiriira surfactants waxaa ka mid ah: daadad surfactant iyo polymer qaro weyn; daadad surfactant ah oo Alkali kor u qaaday oo leh alkali + surfactant ama surfactant oo kor u qaaday alkali; daadad isku dhafan oo ku salaysan walxaha leh alkali + surfactant + polymer. Daadadka isku dhafan guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin arrimo soo kabasho oo ka sarreeya hal waddo. Sida laga soo xigtay falanqaynta hadda ee isbeddellada horumarinta ee gudaha iyo dibadda, daadad isku dhafan oo ternary ah ayaa leh faa'iidooyin ka sarreeya daadad isku dhafan oo laba-geesood ah. Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo daadad isku dhafan oo ternary ah ayaa inta badan ah sulfonates batrool, badanaa waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa isku-darka sulfuric acid, fosforic acid iyo carboxylates ee polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, iyo polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate sodium milix. iwm. si loo hagaajiyo dulqaadkeeda milixda. Dhawaanahan, gudaha iyo dibaddaba waxay muhiimad weyn u lahaayeen cilmi-baarista iyo isticmaalka bayosurfactants, sida rhamnolipid, maraq halsano sopholipid, iwm., iyo sidoo kale carboxylates isku dhafan oo dabiici ah iyo alkali lignin oo laga sameeyay warqad, iwm., waxayna natiijooyin wanaagsan ka gaareen tijaabooyinka goobta iyo gudaha. Saameyn wanaagsan oo saliiddu ka baxdo.