Ukusetshenziswa kweama-surfactantekukhiqizweni kwensimu kawoyela
1. Ama-surfactant asetshenziselwa ukumba uwoyela osindayo
Ngenxa yokuthamba okuphezulu kanye nokugeleza okubi kwamafutha anzima, kuletha ubunzima obuningi ekumbeni. Ukuze kukhishwe lawa mafutha anzima, ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukufaka isixazululo samanzi se-surfactant downhole ukuguqula uwoyela onzima one-viscosity ephezulu ube yi-emulsion ye-oyela-emanzini ephansi bese uyikhipha phezu kwayo. Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa kule ndlela yokunciphisa i-emulsification yamafutha anzima kanye ne-viscosity afaka i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, i-polyoxyethylene Vinyl alkyl alcohol ether sulfate sodium salt, njll. I-emulsion yamafutha-emanzini ekhiqizwayo idinga ukuhlukanisa amanzi futhi isebenzise amanye ama-surfactant ezimbonini njenge-demulsifiers ukuze kuncishiswe amanzi emzimbeni. Lawa ma-demulsifier angama-emulsifier amanzi-emafutha. Ama-surfactant e-cationic noma ama-naphthenic acid, ama-asphaltonic acid kanye nosawoti wawo wensimbi omningi.
Uwoyela okhethekile osindayo awukwazi ukumbiwa ngamayunithi okupompa avamile futhi udinga ukujovwa ngomusi ukuze kubuyiselwe ukushisa. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokubuyiselwa ukushisa, kudingeka kusetshenziswe ama-surfactant. Ukufaka i-foam emthonjeni wokujova ngomusi, okungukuthi, ukufaka i-ejenti ye-foam engangenisi ukushisa okuphezulu kanye negesi engavundi, kungenye yezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokuguqula.
Ama-foam agent asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-alkyl benzene sulfonates, i-α-olefin sulfonates, i-petroleum sulfonates, i-sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers kanye ne-sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-surfactants ane-fluorinated anomsebenzi ophezulu wobuso futhi azinzile kuma-acid, ama-alkali, i-oxygen, ukushisa kanye namafutha, ayizinto ezifanelekile zokushisa okuphezulu zokususa amagwebu. Ukuze wenze uwoyela ohlakazekile udlule kalula esakhiweni somphimbo wembobo yokwakheka, noma ukwenza uwoyela ongaphezulu kokwakheka kube lula ukuwukhipha, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa i-surfactant ebizwa ngokuthi i-film diffusing agent. Esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surface activity agent.
- Ama-surfactants okumba uwoyela ongahluziwe one-wax
Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha aluhlaza anjenge-wax kudinga ukuvimbela i-wax njalo kanye nokususwa kwe-wax. Ama-surfactants asebenza njengezithibi ze-wax kanye nama-wax removers. Kukhona ama-surfactants ancibilikayo kumafutha kanye nama-surfactants ancibilikayo emanzini asetshenziselwa ukulwa ne-wax. Eyokuqala idlala indima yokulwa ne-wax ngokushintsha izakhiwo zobuso bekristalu ye-wax. Ama-surfactants ancibilikayo kumafutha asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-sulfonates e-petroleum kanye nama-surfactants e-amine. Ama-surfactants ancibilikayo emanzini adlala indima yokulwa ne-wax ngokushintsha izakhiwo zezindawo ezakhiwe nge-wax (njengemibhobho kawoyela, izinduku zokudonsa kanye nezindawo zemishini). Ama-surfactants atholakalayo afaka ama-sodium alkyl sulfonates, ama-quaternary ammonium salts, ama-alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, ama-aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers kanye nama-sulfonate sodium salts awo, njll. Ama-surfactants asetshenziselwa ukususa i-wax nawo ahlukaniswe ngezici ezimbili. Ama-surfactants ancibilika ku-oyela asetshenziselwa ukususa i-wax esekelwe ku-oyela, kanye nohlobo lwe-sulfonate oluncibilika emanzini, uhlobo lwe-quaternary ammonium salt, uhlobo lwe-polyether, uhlobo lwe-Tween, uhlobo lwe-OP surfactants, uhlobo lwe-Sulfate olusekelwe ku-sulfate noma lwe-sulfo-alkylated flat-type kanye nohlobo lwe-OP.i-surfactantAma-s asetshenziswa ekususeni i-wax esuselwe emanzini. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izisusa i-wax zasekhaya nezakwamanye amazwe ziye zahlanganiswa ngendlela yemvelo, kanti izisusa i-wax esuselwe ku-oyela kanye nezisusa i-wax esuselwe emanzini ziye zahlanganiswa ngendlela yemvelo ukukhiqiza izisusa i-wax ezixubile. Lesi susa i-wax sisebenzisa ama-hydrocarbon aromatic kanye nama-hydrocarbon aromatic axubile njengesigaba samafutha, futhi sisebenzisa i-emulsifier enomphumela wokuhlanza i-wax njengesigaba samanzi. Lapho i-emulsifier ekhethiwe iyi-surfactant engeyona i-ionic enephuzu elifanele lamafu, izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwesigaba sokususa i-wax somthombo wamafutha lingafinyelela noma lidlule iphuzu lalo lamafu, ukuze i-wax remover exubile ikwazi ukuqeda i-emulsification ngaphambi kokungena esigabeni sokwakha i-wax, futhi kuhlukaniswe ama-agent amabili okuhlanza i-wax, adlala indima yokuhlanza i-wax ngasikhathi sinye.
3. Ama-surfactantesetshenziselwa ukuqinisa ubumba
Ubumba oluzinzisa luhlukaniswe ngezici ezimbili: ukuvimbela ukwanda kwamaminerali obumba nokuvimbela ukufuduka kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali obumba. Ama-surfactants e-cationic afana nohlobo lwe-amine salt, uhlobo lwe-quaternary ammonium salt, uhlobo lwe-pyridinium salt, kanye nosawoti we-imidazoline angasetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukuvuvukala kobumba. Ama-surfactants aqukethe i-fluorine angewona ama-ionic-cationic ayatholakala ukuvimbela ukufuduka kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali obumba.
4. Ama-surfactantesetshenziswa ezindleleni zokufaka i-acid
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela we-acidification, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezithasiselo ezifakwa kwisisombululo se-asidi. Noma iyiphi i-surfactant ehambisana nesisombululo se-asidi futhi emuncwa kalula ukwakheka ingasetshenziswa njenge-acidification retardant. Njenge-fatty amine hydrochloride, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, usawoti we-pyridine kuma-cationic surfactants kanye ne-sulfonated, i-carboxymethylated, i-phosphate ester salted noma i-sulfate ester salted polyoxyethylene alkanes kuma-amphoteric surfactants base phenol ether, njll. Amanye ama-surfactants, njenge-dodecyl sulfonic acid kanye nosawoti wayo we-alkylamine, angaxuba uketshezi lwe-asidi emafutheni ukuze akhiqize i-acid-in-oil emulsion. Le emulsion ingasetshenziswa njenge-acidified industrial liquid futhi idlala indima yokuvimbezela.
Amanye ama-surfactants angasetshenziswa njengezinto ezilwa nama-emulsifiers oketshezi olufaka i-asidi. Ama-surfactants anezakhiwo ezinamagatsha njenge-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether kanye ne-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene pentaethylene hexamine angasetshenziswa njengezinto ezilwa nama-emulsifiers afaka i-asidi.
Amanye ama-surfactants angasetshenziswa njengezinsiza zokukhipha amanzi ezingenayo i-asidi. Ama-surfactants angasetshenziswa njengezinsiza zokukhipha amanzi afaka phakathi uhlobo lwe-amine salt, uhlobo lwe-quaternary ammonium salt, uhlobo lwe-pyridinium salt, ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic, amphoteric kanye ne-fluorine.
Amanye ama-surfactants angasetshenziswa njengezinto ezilwa nodaka eziqinisa i-asidi, njengezinto ezincibilikisa uwoyela, njenge-alkylphenols, ama-fatty acid, ama-alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi anokuncibilika okuncane kwe-asidi, ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic angasetshenziswa ukuwahlakaza esixazululweni se-asidi.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokwakheka kwe-acid, i-wetting reversal agent idinga ukungezwa esixazululweni se-asidi ukuze kuguqulwe ukumanzi kwe-near-wellbore zone kusuka ku-lipophilic kuya ku-hydrophilic. Izingxube ze-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers kanye ne-phosphate-salted polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers zimuncwa yi-formation ukuze zakhe ungqimba lwesithathu lokumuncwa, oludlala indima ekumanziseni nasekubuyiseleni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izinto ezibangela ukwakheka kwama-surfactants, njenge-fatty amine hydrochloride, i-quaternary ammonium salt noma i-nonionic-anionic surfactant, ezisetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhipha amagwebu ukwenza uketshezi olusebenzayo lwe-foam acid ukuze kufezwe inhloso yokunciphisa ukugqwala kanye ne-deep acidification, noma ama-Foam enziwa ngalokhu futhi asetshenziswa njengoketshezi lwangaphambi kokwakheka kwe-acidification. Ngemva kokuthi efakwe ekwakhekeni, isixazululo se-asidi siyafakwa. Umphumela we-Jamin okhiqizwa amabhamuza ku-foam ungaphambukisa uketshezi lwe-asidi, uphoqe uketshezi lwe-asidi ukuthi luncibilikise kakhulu ungqimba oluphansi lokungena, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe umphumela we-asidiification.
5. Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa ezindleleni zokuqhekeka
Izindlela zokuqhekeka zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zikawoyela ezingangeni kakhulu. Zisebenzisa ingcindezi ukuvula ukwakheka ukuze zakhe ukuqhekeka, futhi zisebenzisa i-proppant ukusekela ukuqhekeka ukuze zinciphise ukumelana nokugeleza koketshezi futhi zifeze injongo yokwandisa ukukhiqizwa nokunaka. Ezinye izinto eziqhekeka zenziwe ngama-surfactants njengenye yezithako.
Ama-fracturing fluid angaphakathi kwamanzi akhiwe ngamanzi, uwoyela kanye nama-emulsifier. Ama-emulsifier asetshenziswayo ama-surfactants e-ionic, angewona i-ionic kanye nama-amphoteric. Uma amanzi aqinile esetshenziswa njengesigaba sangaphandle futhi uwoyela usetshenziswa njengesigaba sangaphakathi, kungalungiswa uketshezi lwe-fracturing fluid oluqinile (i-polymer emulsion). Lolu ketshezi lwe-fracturing lungasetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-160°C futhi lungaphula ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-emulsion futhi lukhiphe amanzi.
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-foam luwuketshezi lokuqhekeka olusebenzisa amanzi njengendlela yokuhlakazeka kanye negesi njengesigaba sokuhlakazeka. Izingxenye zalo eziyinhloko amanzi, igesi kanye ne-foaming agent. Ama-alkyl sulfonates, ama-alkyl benzene sulfonates, usawoti we-alkyl sulfate ester, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium kanye nama-surfactants e-OP konke kungasetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhipha i-foaming. Ukuhlushwa kwe-foaming agent emanzini ngokuvamile kungu-0.5-2%, kanti isilinganiso sevolumu yesigaba segesi kuya kuvolumu ye-foam siphakathi kuka-0.5-0.9.
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka olusekelwe ku-oyela luwuketshezi lokuqhekeka olwakhiwe ngamafutha njenge-solvent noma i-dispersion medium. Uwoyela osetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni yi-oyela ongahluziwe noma ingxenye yawo esindayo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-viscosity yayo kanye nezakhiwo zayo zokushisa, kudingeka kufakwe i-petroleum sulfonate encibilika ku-oyela (isisindo sama-molecule 300-750). Uketshezi lokuqhekeka olusekelwe ku-oyela luhlanganisa noketshezi lokuqhekeka olusemanzini ku-oyela kanye noketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-foam ku-oyela. Ama-emulsifier asetshenziswa kowokuqala yi-anionic surfactants encibilika ku-oyela, ama-cationic surfactants kanye nama-nonionic surfactants, kuyilapho ama-foam stabilizer asetshenziswa kowokugcina yi-polymer surfactants equkethe i-fluorine.
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka oluzwela amanzi lusebenzisa ingxube yotshwala (njenge-ethylene glycol) kanye namafutha (njenge-kerosene) njengendlela yokusabalalisa, i-liquid carbon dioxide njengesigaba esihlakazekile, kanye ne-sulfate-salted polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether njenge-emulsifier. Noma i-emulsion noma i-foam eyakhiwe nge-ejenti yokugwedla ukuze kuqhekeke ukwakheka okuzwela amanzi.
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka olusetshenziselwa ukuqhekeka kanye nokufaka i-asidi luwuketshezi lokuqhekeka kanye noketshezi olufaka i-asidi. Lusetshenziswa ekwakhekeni kwe-carbonate, futhi lezi zinyathelo ezimbili zenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okuhlobene nama-surfactants yi-acid foam kanye ne-acid emulsion. Eyokuqala isebenzisa i-alkyl sulfonate noma i-alkyl benzene sulfonate njenge-ejenti yokugqwala, kanti eyesibili isebenzisa i-sulfonate surfactant njenge-emulsifier. Njengoketshezi olufaka i-asidi, uketshezi lokuqhekeka lusebenzisa nama-surfactants njenge-anti-emulsifier, izinsiza zokukhipha amanzi kanye nama-wetting reversal agents, okungeke kuxoxwe ngakho lapha.
6. Sebenzisa ama-surfactant ukulawula iphrofayili kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimba amanzi
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokuthuthukiswa kokujova amanzi nokucindezela izinga elikhuphukayo lokuqukethwe kwamanzi kawoyela ongahluziwe, kubalulekile ukulungisa iphrofayili yokumuncwa kwamanzi emithonjeni yokujova amanzi nokwandisa umkhiqizo ngokuvala amanzi emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Ezinye zezindlela zokulawula iphrofayili kanye nokuvimba amanzi zivame ukusebenzisa ama-surfactant athile.
I-HPC/SDS gel control agent yakhiwe yi-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) kanye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) emanzini ahlanzekile.
I-sodium alkyl sulfonate kanye ne-alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride zincibilikiswa emanzini ngokulandelana ukuze kulungiselelwe uketshezi olusebenzayo olubili, olufakwa ekwakhekeni ngokulandelana. Uketshezi olusebenzayo olubili luyasebenzisana ekwakhekeni ukuze kukhiqizwe i-alkyl trimethylamine. I-sulfite iyawa futhi ivimbe ungqimba olune-permeability ephezulu.
Ama-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, ama-alkyl aryl sulfonates, njll. angasetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhipha amagwebu, ancibilikiswe emanzini ukulungiselela uketshezi olusebenzayo, bese efakwa ekwakhekeni ngokushintshana noketshezi olusebenzayo lwe-carbon dioxide, lapho nje kwakheka (ikakhulukazi oluphezulu. Isendlalelo esingena emanzini) sakha igwebu, sikhiqize ukuvaleka, futhi sidlala indima ekulawuleni iphrofayili.
Ukusebenzisa i-quaternary ammonium surfactant njenge-ejenti ye-foam encibilikiswe ku-silicic acid sol eyakhiwe nge-ammonium sulfate kanye nengilazi yamanzi bese ifakwa ekwakhekeni, bese ifaka igesi engavundisi (igesi yemvelo noma i-chlorine), ifomu elisekelwe kuketshezi lingadalwa ekwakhekeni kuqala. I-foam esendlaleloni sokuhlakazeka, ilandelwe yi-gelation ye-silicic acid sol, ikhiqiza i-foam ene-solid njenge-dispersion medium, edlala indima yokuxhuma ungqimba oluphezulu lokuvuleka nokulawula iphrofayili.
Kusetshenziswa ama-surfactants e-sulfonate njengezinto ezikhipha amagwebu kanye nama-polymer compounds njengezinto eziqinisa amagwebu, bese kufakwa igesi noma izinto ezikhiqiza igesi, kukhiqizwa igwebu elisekelwe emanzini phansi noma ekwakhekeni. Leli gwebu lisebenza ebusweni kungqimba lwamafutha. Inani elikhulu le-ejenti lithuthela esixhumini samanzi kawoyela, okubangela ukubhujiswa kwegwebu, ngakho alivimbi ungqimba lwamafutha. Liyi-ejenti ekhethayo nevimbela amanzi emithonjeni kawoyela.
I-ejenti yokuvimba amanzi esimendeni esekelwe ku-oyili iyisimende esifakwe ku-oyili. Ubuso besimende buyamanzi. Uma ingena engqimbeni ekhiqiza amanzi, amanzi asusa ukuxhumana phakathi komthombo wamafutha kanye nesimende ebusweni besimende, okwenza isimende siqine futhi sivimbe ungqimba olukhiqiza amanzi. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kwalesi simende sokuxhuma, ama-surfactants e-carboxylate kanye ne-sulfonate avame ukungezwa.
I-ejenti yokuvimba amanzi encibilika emanzini ye-micellar iyisisombululo se-micellar esakhiwe kakhulu yi-petroleum ammonium sulfonate, ama-hydrocarbon kanye nama-alcohols. Iqukethe amanzi anosawoti omningi ekwakhekeni futhi iba yinkimbinkimbi ukuze ifinyelele umphumela wokuvimba amanzi.
Isixazululo se-cationic surfactant esisekelwe emanzini noma ku-oyela, i-ejenti yokuvimba amanzi isekelwe ku-alkyl carboxylate kanye ne-alkyl ammonium chloride salt agents ezisebenzayo futhi ifaneleka kuphela ekwakhekeni kwe-sandstone.
I-agent esebenzayo yokuvimba amanzi e-oyela osindayo uhlobo lwamafutha osindayo ancibilikiswe ne-emulsifier yamanzi e-oyela. Ikhiqiza i-emulsion yamanzi e-oyela enobuthi kakhulu ngemva kokuba ukwakheka kukhishwe amanzi ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuvimba amanzi.
I-ejenti yokuvimba amanzi e-oyili emanzini ilungiswa ngokuhlanganisa uwoyela osindayo emanzini kusetshenziswa i-cationic surfactant njenge-emulsifier e-oyili emanzini.
7. Sebenzisa ama-surfactant ukuze ulawule isihlabathi
Ngaphambi kokusebenza kokulawula isihlabathi, inani elithile lamanzi asebenzayo alungiselelwe ngama-surfactants kudingeka afakwe njengoketshezi lwangaphambi kokuhlanza ukwakheka ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokulawula isihlabathi. Njengamanje, ama-surfactants asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-anionic surfactants.
8. I-surfactant yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kawoyela ongahluziwe
Ezigabeni zokuqala nezesibili zokubuyisa uwoyela, ama-demulsifier amanzi angaphakathi kwamafutha avame ukusetshenziswa ku-oyela ongahluziwe okhishwe. Kuye kwathuthukiswa izizukulwane ezintathu zemikhiqizo. Isizukulwane sokuqala yi-carboxylate, i-sulfate kanye ne-sulfonate. Isizukulwane sesibili yi-surfactants engeyona i-ionic enama-molecule aphansi njenge-OP, i-Pingpingjia kanye ne-sulfonated castor oil. Isizukulwane sesithathu yi-polymer nonionic surfactant.
Ezigabeni zakamuva zokubuyiselwa kwamafutha okwesibili kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamafutha esithathu, uwoyela ongahluziwe okhiqizwayo uvame ukuba khona ngesimo se-emulsion yamafutha emanzini. Kunezinhlobo ezine zama-demulsifier asetshenziswayo, njenge-tetradecyltrimethyloxyammonium chloride kanye ne-didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Angasabela nama-emulsifier e-anionic ukushintsha inani lawo lebhalansi yamafutha e-hydrophilic, noma Afakwe ebusweni bezinhlayiya zobumba ezimanzi emanzini, ashintshe ukumanzi kwazo futhi abhubhise ama-emulsion kawoyela emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-surfactant e-anionic kanye nama-surfactant angewona ama-ionic ancibilikayo kumafutha angasetshenziswa njenge-emulsifiers yamafutha emanzini angasetshenziswa futhi njenge-demulsifiers yama-emulsions kawoyela emanzini.
- Ama-surfactants okwelapha amanzi
Ngemva kokuba uketshezi lokukhiqiza umthombo wamafutha seluhlukaniswe namafutha angahluziwe, amanzi akhiqizwayo adinga ukwelashwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokufakwa kabusha. Kunezinhloso eziyisithupha zokwelashwa kwamanzi, okungukuthi ukuvimbela ukugqwala, ukuvimbela isikali, ukubulala amagciwane, ukususwa komoya-mpilo, ukususwa kwamafutha kanye nokususwa kwezinto eziqinile ezilengayo. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinto zokuvimbela ukugqwala, izinto ezilwa nokukhula, ama-bactericides, izinto zokususa umoya-mpilo, izinto zokususa amafutha kanye ne-flocculants, njll. Izici ezilandelayo zihilela izinto zokususa amafutha ezimbonini:
Ama-surfactant asezimbonini asetshenziswa njengezithibi zokugqwala afaka usawoti we-alkyl sulfonic acid, i-alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, i-perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, usawoti we-alkyl amine oqondile, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, kanye nosawoti we-alkyl pyridine. , usawoti we-imidazoline kanye nemikhiqizo yayo, ama-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, i-polyoxyethylene dialkyl propargyl alcohol, i-polyoxyethylene rosin amine, i-polyoxyethylene stearylamine kanye ne-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers I-Alkyl sulfonate, usawoti wangaphakathi we-quaternary ammonium ahlukahlukene, usawoti wangaphakathi we-di(polyoxyethylene)alkyl kanye nemikhiqizo yawo.
Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa njengezinto ezivimbela ukungcola afaka usawoti we-phosphate ester, usawoti we-sulfate ester, ama-acetate, ama-carboxylates kanye nama-polyoxyethylene compounds awo. Ukuzinza kokushisa kwama-sulfonate ester salts kanye nosawoti we-carboxylate kungcono kakhulu kunosawoti we-phosphate ester kanye nosawoti we-sulfate ester.
Ama-surfactant ezimboni asetshenziswa kuma-fungicides afaka usawoti we-alkylamine oqondile, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, usawoti we-alkylpyridinium, usawoti we-imidazoline kanye ne-derivatives yayo, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium ahlukahlukene, i-di(polyoxy) Vinyl) alkyl kanye nosawoti wangaphakathi we-derivatives yayo.
Ama-surfactant asezimbonini asetshenziswa kuma-degreasers ikakhulukazi ama-surfactant anezakhiwo ezinamagatsha kanye namaqembu e-sodium dithiocarboxylate.
10. I-surfactant yokukhukhula uwoyela wamakhemikhali
Ukutholwa kwamafutha okuqala nokwesibili kungabuyisa u-25%-50% wamafutha angaphansi komhlaba, kodwa kusekhona uwoyela omningi ongahluziwe ohlala ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ongenakutholakala. Ukwenza ukutholwa kwamafutha aphezulu kungathuthukisa ukutholwa kwamafutha angaphansi komhlaba. Ukutholwa kwamafutha aphezulu kusebenzisa kakhulu indlela yokukhukhula ngamakhemikhali, okungukuthi, ukufaka amanye ama-chemical agents emanzini ajoviwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhukhula kwamanzi. Phakathi kwamakhemikhali asetshenziswayo, amanye ama-surfactants ezimboni. Isingeniso esifushane kuwo simi kanje:
Indlela yokukhukhula uwoyela wamakhemikhali esebenzisa i-surfactant njenge-ejenti eyinhloko ibizwa ngokuthi i-surfactant flooding. Ama-surfactants adlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ukululama kwamafutha ngokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kokuxhumana kwamanzi namafutha nokwandisa inani lama-capillary. Njengoba ubuso bokwakheka kwetshe lesihlabathi bushajelwe kabi, ama-surfactants asetshenziswayo ikakhulukazi ama-surfactants e-anionic, futhi iningi lawo angama-surfactants e-sulfonate. Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-sulfonating agent (njenge-sulfur trioxide) ukuze kukhishwe ama-sulfonate ama-fractions e-petroleum anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, bese ewanciphisa nge-alkali. Imininingwane yayo: into esebenzayo 50%-80%, uwoyela wamaminerali 5%-30%, amanzi 2%-20%, i-sodium sulfate 1%-6%. I-petroleum sulfonate ayimelani nokushisa, usawoti, noma ama-ion ensimbi anentengo ephezulu. Ama-sulfonate okwenziwa alungiswa ngama-hydrocarbon ahambisanayo kusetshenziswa izindlela zokwenziwa ezihambisanayo. Phakathi kwawo, i-α-olefin sulfonate imelana kakhulu nosawoti kanye nama-ion ensimbi ane-valent ephezulu. Amanye ama-surfactants e-anionic-nonionic kanye nama-surfactants e-carboxylate angasetshenziswa futhi ekufudukisweni kwamafutha. Ukufuduka kwamafutha e-surfactant kudinga izinhlobo ezimbili zezithasiselo: enye iyi-co-surfactant, njenge-isobutanol, i-diethylene glycol butyl ether, i-urea, i-sulfolane, i-alkenylene benzene sulfonate, njll., kanti enye iyi-dielectric, kufaka phakathi usawoti we-acid kanye ne-alkali, ikakhulukazi usawoti, onganciphisa i-hydrophilicity ye-surfactant futhi wandise i-lipophilicity, futhi ushintshe inani lebhalansi ye-hydrophilic-lipophilic ye-ejenti esebenzayo. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwe-surfactant futhi kuthuthukiswe imiphumela yezomnotho, ukukhukhula kwe-surfactant kusebenzisa namakhemikhali abizwa ngokuthi ama-sacrificial agents. Izinto ezingasetshenziswa njenge-sacrificial agents zifaka izinto ze-alkaline kanye nama-polycarboxylic acid kanye nosawoti wazo. Ama-oligomers nama-polymers nawo angasetshenziswa njenge-sacrificial agents. Ama-Lignosulfonates kanye nokuguqulwa kwawo kuyi-sacrificial agents.
Indlela yokususa uwoyela esebenzisa izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu eziyinhloko zokususa uwoyela wamakhemikhali ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhukhula okuhlanganisiwe. Le ndlela yokususa uwoyela ehlobene nama-surfactants ifaka: ukukhukhula kwe-surfactant kanye nokukhukhula kwe-surfactant okujiyile kwe-polymer; ukukhukhula kwe-surfactant okuthuthukisiwe kwe-alkali okune-alkali + surfactant noma ukukhukhula kwe-alkali okuthuthukisiwe kwe-surfactant; ukukhukhula okuhlanganisiwe okusekelwe ezintweni ezine-alkali + surfactant + polymer. Ukukhukhula okuhlanganisiwe ngokuvamile kunezici zokubuyisa eziphakeme kune-drive eyodwa. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwamanje kwezitayela zentuthuko ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukukhukhula kwe-ternary compound kunezinzuzo eziphakeme kune-binary compound flooding. Ama-surfactants asetshenziswa ekukhukhuleni kwe-ternary compound ikakhulukazi ama-sulfonates e-petroleum, ngokuvamile asetshenziswa futhi ngokuhlanganiswa ne-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid kanye nama-carboxylates e-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, kanye ne-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate sodium salts, njll. ukuthuthukisa ukubekezelela kwayo usawoti. Muva nje, kokubili ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kuye kwagxila kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwama-biosurfactants, njenge-rhamnolipid, umhluzi wokubilisa we-sophorolipid, njll., kanye nama-carboxylates ahlanganisiwe emvelo kanye ne-alkali lignin yomkhiqizo owenziwe ngamaphepha, njll., futhi kuthole imiphumela emihle ekuhlolweni kwasensimini nangaphakathi. Umphumela omuhle wokususa uwoyela.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-26-2023