Ayini ama-biosurfactants?

Ama-Biosurfactants ama-metabolites akhiqizwa ama-microorganisms ngesikhathi sezinqubo zawo ze-metabolic ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokulima. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants akhiwe ngamakhemikhali, ama-biosurfactants anezimfanelo eziningi ezihlukile, njengokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo, ukubola kwe-biodegradability, umsebenzi obanzi webhayoloji, kanye nobungane bemvelo. Ngenxa yezinto ezinjengokutholakala kwempahla eluhlaza, izindleko, kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza kwama-synthetic surfactants—okuhambisana nokuthambekela kwabo kokudala ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okukhulu futhi kubangele ubungozi empilweni yabantu ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa—ucwaningo lwama-biosurfactants lukhule kakhulu kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule njengoba ukuqwashisa ngemvelo nempilo kuye kwanda. Umkhakha uthuthuke ngokushesha, unamalungelo obunikazi amaningi afakwe emhlabeni wonke kuma-biosurfactants ahlukahlukene kanye nezinqubo zawo zokukhiqiza. E-China, ucwaningo lugxile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwama-biosurfactants ekutholeni uwoyela okuthuthukisiwe kanye ne-bioremediation.

1.Izinhlobo zama-Biosurfactants kanye Nezinhlobo Ezikhiqizayo

1.1 Izinhlobo zama-Biosurfactants

Ama-surfactants ahlanganiswe ngamakhemikhali ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe emaqenjini awo asezindaweni ezishisayo, kuyilapho ama-biosurfactants ahlukaniswa ngokwezakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-microorganisms akhiqizayo. Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezinhlanu: ama-glycolipids, ama-phospholipids nama-fatty acids, ama-lipopeptides nama-lipoprotein, ama-polymeric surfactants, nama-surfactants akhethekile.

1.2 Ukukhiqiza Ama-Strains of Biosurfactants

Ama-biosurfactants amaningi angama-metabolites amagciwane, imvubelo, nesikhunta. Lezi zinhlobo ezikhiqizayo zihlolwa kakhulu emachibini angcoliswe uwoyela, inhlabathi, noma izindawo zasolwandle.

2.Ukukhiqizwa kwama-Biosurfactants

Njengamanje, ama-biosurfactants angakhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuvutshelwa kwe-microbial kanye ne-enzymatic synthesis.

Ekubilisweni, uhlobo nesivuno sama-biosurfactants kuncike ngokuyinhloko ohlotsheni lwe-microorganism, isigaba sokukhula, imvelo ye-carbon substrate, ukugxila kwe-N, P, nama-ion ensimbi (afana ne-Mg²⁺ ne-Fe²⁺) endaweni yamasiko, kanye nezimo zokutshala (pH, izinga lokushisa, njll.). Izinzuzo zokuvutshelwa zihlanganisa izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza, ukuhlukahluka kwemikhiqizo, nezinqubo ezilula, okuyenza ifanelekele ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni ezinkulu. Nokho, izindleko zokuhlukanisa nokuhlanza zingaba phezulu.

Ngokuphambene, ama-surfactants ahlanganiswe nge-enzymatic ngokuvamile anezinhlaka zamangqamuzana ezilula kodwa abonisa umsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu ngokulinganayo. Izinzuzo zendlela ye-enzymatic zihlanganisa izindleko eziphansi zokukhipha, ukuguqulwa kalula kwesakhiwo, ukuhlanzwa okuqondile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwama-enzyme angakwazi ukuhamba. Ukwengeza, ama-surfactants ahlanganiswe nge-enzymatic angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu, njengezingxenye zemithi. Nakuba izindleko ze-enzyme ziphezulu njengamanje, intuthuko kwezobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza nomsebenzi we-enzyme kulindeleke ukuthi kwehlise izindleko zokukhiqiza.