Ama-biosurfactants angama-metabolites akhishwa yizinto ezincane ngesikhathi sezinqubo zawo ze-metabolic ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokulima. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants akhiwe ngamakhemikhali, ama-biosurfactants anezimfanelo eziningi ezihlukile, njengokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, umsebenzi obanzi wezinto eziphilayo, kanye nobungane bemvelo. Ngenxa yezici ezifana nokutholakala kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, izindleko, kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza kwama-surfactants okwenziwa—okuhambisana nokuthambekela kwawo kokubangela ukungcola okukhulu kwemvelo futhi abeke izingozi empilweni yabantu ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa—ucwaningo ngama-biosurfactants lukhule kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule njengoba ukuqwashisa ngemvelo kanye nempilo kuye kwanda. Lo mkhakha uthuthuke ngokushesha, ngamalungelo obunikazi amaningi afakwe emhlabeni wonke kuma-biosurfactants ahlukahlukene kanye nezinqubo zawo zokukhiqiza. E-China, ucwaningo lugxile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwama-biosurfactants ekuvuseleleni uwoyela kanye nokulungiswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
1. Izinhlobo ze-Biosurfactants kanye nezinhlobo zokukhiqiza
1.1 Izinhlobo ze-Biosurfactants
Ama-surfactant akhiwe ngamakhemikhali avame ukuhlukaniswa ngokusekelwe emaqenjini awo e-polar, kanti ama-biosurfactant ahlukaniswa ngokwezakhiwo zawo ze-biochemical kanye nama-microorganisms akhiqizayo. Ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu: ama-glycolipids, ama-phospholipids nama-fatty acids, ama-lipopeptides nama-lipoproteins, ama-polymeric surfactants, kanye nama-surfactant akhethekile.
1.2 Ukukhiqiza Izinhlobo Zama-Biosurfactants
Iningi lama-biosurfactants liyizinto ezikhiqizwa amabhaktheriya, imvubelo, kanye nesikhunta. Lezi zinhlobo ezikhiqizayo zihlolwa kakhulu emachibini, enhlabathini, noma ezindaweni zasolwandle ezingcoliswe uwoyela.
2. Ukukhiqizwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Njengamanje, ama-biosurfactants angakhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukubiliswa kwamagciwane kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwama-enzyme.
Ekuvuthweni, uhlobo kanye nokukhiqiza kwama-biosurfactants kuncike kakhulu ekuhlungeni kwama-microorganism, isigaba sokukhula kwawo, uhlobo lwe-carbon substrate, ukuhlushwa kwama-ion e-N, P, kanye ne-metal (njenge-Mg²⁺ kanye ne-Fe²⁺) endaweni yokukhulisa, kanye nezimo zokulima (i-pH, izinga lokushisa, isivinini sokushukuma, njll.). Izinzuzo zokuvutshelwa zifaka phakathi izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi, ukuhlukahluka kwemikhiqizo, kanye nezinqubo ezilula, okwenza kufaneleke ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokuhlukanisa nokuhlanzwa zingaba phezulu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-surfactant akhiwe nge-enzyme avame ukuba nezakhiwo zama-molecule ezilula kodwa abonisa umsebenzi wobuso omuhle kakhulu. Izinzuzo zendlela ye-enzymatic zifaka phakathi izindleko zokukhipha eziphansi, ukulula kokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, ukuhlanzwa okuqondile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwama-enzyme angasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-surfactant akhiwe nge-enzyme angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu, njengezingxenye zemithi. Nakuba izindleko zama-enzyme ziphezulu okwamanje, intuthuko kwezobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwama-enzyme kanye nomsebenzi kulindeleke ukuthi inciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-04-2025