Ama-amine anamafutha abhekisela esigabeni esibanzi sama-compounds e-organic amino anobude be-carbon chain kusukela ku-C8 kuya ku-C22. Njengama-amine ajwayelekile, ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezine ezinkulu: ama-amine ayinhloko, ama-amine angesibili, ama-amine angesithathu, kanye nama-polyamine. Umehluko phakathi kwama-amine ayinhloko, angesibili, kanye nama-tertiary uncike enanini lama-athomu e-hydrogen ku-ammonia athathelwa indawo amaqembu e-alkyl.
Ama-amine anamafutha ayizinto eziphilayo ezivela ku-ammonia. Ama-amine anamafutha anezinkinobho ezimfushane (C8-10) abonisa ukuncibilika okuthile emanzini, kuyilapho ama-amine anamafutha anezinkinobho ezinde ngokuvamile engancibiliki emanzini futhi akhona njengoketshezi noma izinto eziqinile emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni. Anezakhiwo eziyisisekelo futhi, njengezisekelo eziphilayo, angacasula futhi agqwale isikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila.
Ngokuyinhloko kukhiqizwa ngokusabela kwama-fatty alcohols ne-dimethylamine ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-monoalkyldimethyl tertiary amines, ukusabela kwama-fatty alcohols ne-monomethylamine ukuze kwakhiwe ama-dialkylmethyl tertiary amines, kanye nokusabela kwama-fatty alcohols ne-ammonia ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-trialkyl tertiary amines.
Le nqubo iqala ngokusabela kwama-fatty acid kanye ne-ammonia ukukhiqiza ama-fatty nitriles, abese efakwa i-hydrogen ukuze akhiqize ama-fatty amine ayinhloko noma awesibili. Lawa ma-amine ayinhloko noma awesibili adlula i-hydrogendimethylation ukuze akhe ama-tertiary amines. Ama-amine ayinhloko, ngemva kwe-cyanoethylation kanye ne-hydrogenation, angaguqulwa abe ama-diamine. Ama-diamine aqhubeka nokudlula i-cyanoethylation kanye ne-hydrogenation ukuze akhiqize ama-triamine, angaguqulwa abe ama-tetramine ngokusebenzisa i-cyanoethylation eyengeziwe kanye ne-hydrogenation.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Amine Anamafutha
Ama-amine ayinhloko asetshenziswa njengezithibi zokugqwala, izinto zokugcoba, izinto zokukhulula isikhunta, izithasiselo zamafutha, izithasiselo zokucubungula umbala, izinto zokuthambisa, izinto zokumanzisa, izinto zokucindezela uthuli lomanyolo, izithasiselo zamafutha enjini, izinto zomanyolo ezilwa nokubopha, izinto zobumba, izinto zokugcoba, izinto zokugcoba zegiya, izinto zokuvimbela amanzi, izithasiselo zokuvimbela amanzi, izinto zokuvimbela amanzi, izinto zokuqinisa i-wax, nokunye okuningi.
Ama-amine ayinhloko anekhabhoni ephezulu egcwele, njenge-octadecylamine, asebenza njengezinto zokukhipha isikhunta ze-rubber eqinile kanye ne-polyurethane foams. I-Dodecylamine isetshenziswa ekuvuseleleni irabha yemvelo neyokwenziwa, njenge-surfactant ezixazululweni ze-tin-plating zamakhemikhali, kanye nasekuvuseleleni i-isomaltose ukukhiqiza izinto ezitholakala ku-malt. I-Oleylamine isetshenziswa njengesithasiselo sikaphethiloli wedizili.
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-Cationic Surfactants
Ama-amine ayinhloko kanye nosawoti wawo asebenza njengezinto ezisebenzayo zokuntanta i-ore, izinto ezilwa nokubopha umanyolo noma iziqhumane, izinto zokuvimbela amanzi ephepheni, izinto ezivimbela ukugqwala, izithasiselo zokugcoba, izinto ezibulala amagciwane embonini kaphethiloli, izithasiselo zamafutha kanye nophethiloli, izinto zokuhlanza ze-elekthronikhi, izinto ezixuba uketshezi, kanye nokukhiqizwa kobumba be-organometallic kanye nezithasiselo zokucubungula umbala. Zisetshenziswa futhi ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi kanye nanjengezinto zokubumba. Ama-amine ayinhloko angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinto ezixuba usawoti ze-ammonium ze-quaternary, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kwemigwaqo esezingeni eliphezulu, ukunciphisa ukuqina komsebenzi kanye nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila komgwaqo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-Nonionic Surfactants
Ama-adducts ama-amine ayinhloko anamafutha ane-ethylene oxide asetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto ezilwa nokungaguquguquki embonini yepulasitiki. Ama-amine e-ethoxylated, njengoba engancibiliki kumapulasitiki, ayahamba aye ebusweni, lapho amunca khona umswakama womoya, okwenza ubuso bepulasitiki bungabi namandla okuguquguquka.
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-Amphoteric Surfactants
I-Dodecylamine isabela ne-methyl acrylate bese idlula ku-saponification kanye ne-neutralization ukuze ikhiqize i-N-dodecyl-β-alanine. Lawa ma-surfactants abonakala ngezixazululo zawo zamanzi ezikhanyayo noma ezingenambala, ukuncibilika okuphezulu emanzini noma e-ethanol, ukubola kwe-biogradability, ukubekezelela amanzi aqinile, ukucasuka okuncane kwesikhumba, kanye nobuthi obuphansi. Ukusetshenziswa kufaka phakathi ama-ejenti e-foam, ama-emulsifier, ama-corrosion inhibitors, ama-detergents aketshezi, ama-shampoo, ama-hair conditioner, ama-softeners, kanye nama-antistatic agents.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-20-2025