Hoʻohana i nā surfactants i ka hana ʻaila

Noi osurfactantsma ka hana aila

1. Hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻaila kaumaha

Ma muli o ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka wai o ka aila kaumaha, lawe mai ia i nā pilikia he nui i ka mining. I mea e extract i keia mau aila kaumaha, ia mea i kekahi manawa pono e inject i aqueous solution o surfactant downhole e hoohuli i ka kiʻekiʻe-viscosity kaumaha aila i loko o ka haʻahaʻa-viscosity aila-i-wai emulsion a extract ia i ka ili. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia emulsification aila kaumaha a me ke ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa viscosity, ʻo ia ka sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, polyoxyethylene Vinyl alkyl alcohol eter e hoʻohana i ka wai sodium emulsion, etc. kekahi mau surfactants ʻoihana e like me nā demulsifiers no ka maloʻo. ʻO kēia mau demulsifiers he wai-i-ʻaila emulsifiers. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana he cationic surfactants a naphthenic acids, asphaltonic acids a me kā lākou mau paʻakai metala multivalent.

ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻeli ʻia ka aila kaumaha kūikawā e nā ʻāpana pahū maʻamau a koi i ka hoʻokele mahu no ka hoʻōla wela. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hopena hoʻōla wela, pono e hoʻohana i nā surfactants. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka huʻihuʻi i loko o ka pūnāwai mahu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ke kinoea non-condensable, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano modulation maʻamau.

ʻO nā mea hoʻohāhā maʻamau ka alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers a me sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, etc. nā mea hoʻohūhū wela kiʻekiʻe. I mea e maʻalahi ai ka ʻaila i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o ka puʻu pore o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, a i ʻole e hoʻokuke ʻia ka ʻaila ma ka ʻili o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, pono ia e hoʻohana i kahi surfactant i kapa ʻia he kiʻi diffusing agent. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surface activity. luna.

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1. Surfactants no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻaila waxy crude

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila waxy crude pono e pale pinepine a wehe i ka wax. Hana nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokaʻawale i ka wax a me ka wehe ʻana i ka wax. Aia nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila a me nā surfactant hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka anti-wax. He hana anti-wax ka mea mua ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai o ka ʻili aniani wax. ʻO nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka aila maʻamau, ʻo ia ka petroleum sulfonates a me nā surfactants amine. Hiki i nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai ke kuleana anti-wax ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai o nā wahi i hana ʻia i ka wax (e like me nā paipu aila, nā lāʻau sucker a me nā mea hana). Loaʻa nā surfactants i ka sodium alkyl sulfonates, quaternary ammonium salts, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers a me kā lākou sulfonate sodium salts, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactant hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka aila no ka wehe ʻana i ka wax ma muli o ka aila, a me ka wai-soluble sulfonate type, quaternary ammonium salt type, polyether type, Tween type, OP type surfactants, Sulfate-based or sulfo-alkylated flat-type a me OP-typesurfactants hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻohemo wai. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hui pū ʻia nā mea hoʻoneʻe wax home a me nā ʻāina ʻē, a ua hui pū ʻia nā mea hoʻoneʻe wax ma muli o ka ʻaila a me nā mea hoʻoneʻe wax wai e hana ai i nā mea wehe wax hybrid. Hoʻohana kēia mea hoʻohemo wax i nā hydrocarbons aromatic a me nā hydrocarbons aromatic i hui pū ʻia e like me ka pae ʻaila, a hoʻohana i ka emulsifier me ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe wax e like me ka pae wai. Ke koho ʻia ka emulsifier he surfactant nonionic me kahi kapuaʻi kūpono, hiki i ka wela ma lalo o ka ʻāpana waxing o ka pūnāwai aila ke hiki a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o kona wahi ao, i hiki ai i ka hui ʻana i ka wax remover hiki Ua haki ka emulsification ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻāpana wax-forming, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻelua mau mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe wax, e pāʻani ana i ka hana o ka wax-clearing.

3. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻehoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka pālolo

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pālolo paʻa i ʻelua mau ʻano: ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā minerala pālolo a me ka pale ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana mineral pālolo. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants Cationic e like me ke ʻano paʻakai amine, ʻano paʻakai ammonium quaternary, ʻano paʻakai pyridinium, a me ka paʻakai imidazoline e pale i ka pehu ʻana o ka pālolo. Loaʻa nā surfactants nonionic-cationic i loko o ka fluorine no ka pale ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana mineral pālolo.

4. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻehoʻohana ʻia i nā ana acidification

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena acidification, hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano mea hoʻohui like ʻole i ka hopena waikawa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia surfactant i kūpono me ka hoʻonā waika a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he acidification retardant. E like me ka momona amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium paʻakai, pyridine paʻakai i cationic surfactants a me sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate ester paʻakai a sulfate ester paʻakai polyoxyethylene alkanes i amphoteric surfactants kumu phenol etera, etc. aila e hana ai i ka emulsion acid-in-oil. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia emulsion ma ke ʻano he wai ʻenehana acidified a ke pāʻani nei hoʻi i kahi hana hoʻomaha.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants ma ke ʻano he anti-emulsifiers no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wai. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe me nā hale lālā e like me polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether a me polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene pentaethylene hexaamine e like me ka acidifying anti-emulsifiers.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactant ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe wai waika. Hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia ma ke 'ano o ka pa'akai 'ano he 'ano pa'akai amine, 'ano pa'akai ammonium quaternary, 'ano pa'akai pyridinium, 'ano pa'akai nonionic, amphoteric a me nā surfactants i loko o ka fluorine.

Hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia kekahi mau surfactants e like me acidifying anti-sludge agents, e like me ka aila-soluble surfactants, e like me alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, quaternary ammonium salts, etc.

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena acidification, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe wai i loko o ka hopena waika e hoʻohuli i ka pulu o ka wahi kokoke-wellbore mai lipophilic a hydrophilic. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hui ʻana o ka polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers a me ka phosphate-salted polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers e ka hoʻokumu ʻana e hana i ke kolu o ka papa adsorption, kahi e hana ai i ka pulu a me ka hoʻohuli.

Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau surfactants, e like me ka momona amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium paʻakai a i ʻole nonionic-anionic surfactant, i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea hoʻoulu e hana ai i ka wai e hana ai i ka wai e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka acidification hohonu, a i ʻole nā Foams i hana ʻia mai kēia a hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka wai mua no ka acidification. Ma hope o ka hoʻokomoʻiaʻana i loko o ka hoʻokumuʻana, ua hoʻokomoʻia ka hopena waikawa. Hiki i ka hopena Jamin i hana ʻia e nā ʻōhū i loko o ka ʻūhā ke hoʻohuli i ka wai waikawa, e koi ana i ka wai waikawa e hoʻoheheʻe nui i ka papa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena acidification.

5. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Surfactants i nā ana haʻihaʻi

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ana fracturing i nā māla aila haʻahaʻa-permeability. Hoʻohana lākou i ke kaomi e wehe i ka hoʻokumu ʻana e hana i nā haʻihaʻi, a hoʻohana i ka proppant e kākoʻo i nā haʻihaʻi e hōʻemi i ke kū ʻana o ka wai a hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana a me ka nānā. Hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau wai haʻihaʻi me nā surfactants e like me kekahi o nā mea hana.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka wai ʻaila i loko o ka wai me ka wai, ka aila a me nā emulsifiers. ʻO nā emulsifiers i hoʻohana ʻia he ionic, nonionic a me amphoteric surfactants. Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka wai mānoanoa ma ke ʻano o waho a hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano o loko, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila-i-wai (polymer emulsion). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia wai haʻihaʻi ma nā mahana ma lalo o 160°C a hiki iā ia ke uhaki i nā emulsions a hoʻokahe i nā wai.

ʻO ka wai haʻihaʻi ʻo ka ʻūhā he wai haʻihaʻi e hoʻohana ana i ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopuehu a me ke kinoea ma ke ʻano i hoʻopuehu ʻia. ʻO kāna mau mea nui ka wai, ke kinoea a me ka mea hoʻohua. Alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate ester salts, quaternary ammonium paʻakai a me OP surfactants hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohua. He 0.5-2% ka mana'o o ka mea ho'ohāhā i loko o ka wai, a 'o ka lakio o ka nui o ke kinoea i ka nui o ka hu'a ma waena o 0.5-0.9.

ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻaila he wai haki i hana ʻia me ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻopuehu paha. ʻO ka ʻaila maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka pūnaewele ʻo ia ka ʻaila ʻaila a i ʻole kona hakina kaumaha. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kona ʻano viscosity a me ka mahana, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻaila ʻaila sulfonate (ke kaumaha molekala 300-750). ʻO nā wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka wai i loko o ka ʻaila ʻaila haʻihaʻi wai a me ka ʻaila ʻaila haki. ʻO nā emulsifiers i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mua he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka aila, nā surfactants cationic a me nā surfactants nonionic, aʻo nā mea hoʻopaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hope he fluorine-containing polymer surfactants.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka wai ʻawaʻawa (e like me ka ethylene glycol) a me ka ʻaila (e like me ke kerosene) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopuehu, carbon dioxide wai ma ke ʻano o ka dispersed, a me ka sulfate-salted polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether e like me ka emulsifier. A i ʻole emulsion a huʻa paha i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka mea hoʻohāhā e uhaʻi i nā ʻano ʻano wai.

ʻO ka wai haʻihaʻi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka haʻihaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ia ka wai haʻihaʻi a me ka wai waikawa. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka carbonate, a hana ʻia nā ana ʻelua i ka manawa like. E pili ana i nā surfactants, ʻo ia ka huʻa waika a me ka emulsion waikawa. Hoʻohana ka mea mua i ka alkyl sulfonate a i ʻole alkyl benzene sulfonate ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohua, a hoʻohana ka mea hope i ka surfactant sulfonate ma ke ʻano he emulsifier. E like me ka wai ʻakika, hoʻohana pū nā wai haʻihaʻi i nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he anti-emulsifiers, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai a me nā mea hoʻohuli wai, ʻaʻole ia e kūkākūkā ʻia ma aneʻi.

6. E hoʻohana i nā surfactants no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā ana pale wai

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wai a hoʻopaʻa i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka wai aila ʻaila, pono ia e hoʻoponopono i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻoheheʻe wai ma nā pūnāwai wai a hoʻonui i ka hana ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka wai ma nā pūnāwai hana. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kekahi o nā ʻano hana hoʻomalu a me ka pale wai i kekahi mau surfactants.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka luna hoʻomalu kōpili gel HPC/SDS me ka hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) a me ka sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) i loko o ka wai hou.

ʻO Sodium alkyl sulfonate a me alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai e hoʻomākaukau ai i ʻelua mau wai hana, i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kekahi ma hope o kekahi. Hoʻopili nā wai hana ʻelua me kekahi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana e hana i ka alkyl trimethylamine. Hoʻokahe ka sulfite a poloka i ka papa permeability kiʻekiʻe.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, alkyl aryl sulfonates, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai e hoʻomākaukau ai i kahi wai hana, a laila hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana me ka wai hana carbon dioxide, aia wale nō i ka hoʻokumu ʻana (ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

Ke hoʻohana nei i ka surfactant ammonium quaternary ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka silicic acid sol i haku ʻia me ka ammonium sulfate a me ke aniani wai a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, a laila hoʻokomo i ke kinoea non-condensable (ke kinoea maoli a i ʻole chlorine), hiki ke hana ʻia kahi ʻano wai i ka hoʻokumu mua ʻana. ʻO ka ʻōhū i loko o ka dispersion interlayer, a ukali ʻia e ka gelation o ka silicic acid sol, e hoʻopuka i ka huʻa me ka paʻa e like me ka mea hoʻopuehu, e pāʻani ana i ke kuleana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka papa permeability kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao.

Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactant sulfonate e like me nā mea hoʻohua a me nā pūhui polymer e like me nā mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa mānoanoa, a laila e hoʻokomo i ke kinoea a i ʻole nā mea hana kinoea, e hana ʻia kahi huʻa wai ma ka honua a i ʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana. He ʻeleʻele kēia ʻūhā i ka papa ʻaila. Ke neʻe nei ka nui o ka mea hana i ka ʻaila aila-wai, e hoʻopau ai i ka huʻa, no laila ʻaʻole ia e ālai i ka ʻaila ʻaila. ʻO ia ka mea koho a me ka ʻaila pūnāwai pale wai.

ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa wai hoʻopaʻa ʻaila ʻaila he hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka sima i loko o ka aila. He hydrophilic ka ili o ka sima. Ke komo ʻo ia i ka papa hana wai, hoʻoneʻe ka wai i ka pilina ma waena o ka pūnāwai aila a me ka sima ma ka ʻili o ka sima, e hoʻopaʻa ai ka sima a paʻa i ka papa hana wai. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka wai o kēia mea hoʻopili, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā carboxylate a me ka sulfonate surfactant.

ʻO ka micellar wai-soluble water-blocking agent he mea hoʻonā micellar i haku nui ʻia me ka petroleum ammonium sulfonate, hydrocarbons a me nā waiʻona. Loaʻa i ka wai paʻakai kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a lilo i viscous e hoʻokō i ka hopena pale wai. .

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea hoʻopaʻa wai paʻa wai i ka wai a i ʻole ka aila ma luna o ka alkyl carboxylate a me ka alkyl ammonium chloride salt active agents a kūpono wale ia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke one.

ʻO ka ʻaila nui ka ʻaila wai-blocking agent he ʻano ʻaila kaumaha i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka emulsifier wai-i-ʻaila. Hoʻopuka ia i ka wai-i-ʻaila emulsion ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka wai e hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka pale ʻana i ka wai.

Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka ʻaila-wai-wai-blocking agent ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka aila kaumaha i ka wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi surfactant cationic e like me ka emulsifier aila-i-wai.

7. E hoʻohana i nā surfactants no nā ana hoʻomalu one

Ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ke one, pono e hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi nui o ka wai i hoʻōla ʻia me nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he wai mua e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena o ke one. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā surfactants i hoʻohana mau ʻia he surfactants anionic.

8. Surfactant no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe waiʻaila

Ma nā pae ho'ōla aila mua a lua, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā demulsifiers wai-i-ʻaila no ka ʻaila ʻaila i unuhi ʻia. ʻEkolu hanauna o nā huahana i kūkulu ʻia. ʻO ka hanauna mua he carboxylate, sulfate a me sulfonate. ʻO ka lua o ka hanauna he haʻahaʻa-molecular nonionic surfactants e like me OP, Pingpingjia a me ka ʻaila castor sulfonated. ʻO ke kolu o ka hanauna he polymer nonionic surfactant.

Ma nā ʻāpana hope o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka aila lua a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka aila kiʻekiʻe, aia ka nui o ka ʻaila ʻaila i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka emulsion aila-i-wai. ʻEhā ʻano demulsifier i hoʻohana ʻia, e like me ka tetradecyltrimethyloxyammonium chloride a me ka didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka anionic emulsifiers e hoʻololi i kā lākou hydrophilic aila koena waiwai, a i ʻole Adsorbed ma luna o ka ʻili o nā mea pālolo wai-pū, hoʻololi i kā lākou wettability a luku i nā emulsions aila-i-wai. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nonionic hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka emulsifiers wai i loko o ka ʻaila.

1. Surfactants no ka mālama wai

Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o ka wai ʻaila mai ka ʻaila ʻaila, pono e mālama ʻia ka wai i hana ʻia e hoʻokō i nā koi reinjection. ʻEono kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ka pale ʻana i ka unahi, ka sterilization, ka wehe ʻana i ka oxygen, ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ka wehe ʻana i nā mea paʻa paʻa. No laila, pono e hoʻohana i ka corrosion inhibitors, anti-scaling agents, bactericides, oxygen scavengers, degreasers and flocculants, etc.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants ʻoihana e like me nā mea hoʻopaʻa corrosion i nā paʻakai o ka waikawa alkyl sulfonic, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, linear alkyl amine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, a me alkyl pyridine salts. , nā paʻakai o ka imidazoline a me nā mea i loaʻa mai, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propargyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene rosin amine, polyoxyethylene stearylamine a me polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers Alkyl sulkyl, nā ʻano quaternary ammonium internal (diallylxyl alcohol) a me kā lākou mau mea hoʻopuka.

ʻO nā paʻakai ester phosphate, nā paʻakai ester sulfate, nā acetates, nā carboxylates a me kā lākou polyoxyethylene pūhui. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa wela o nā paʻakai sulfonate ester a me nā paʻakai carboxylate ma mua o nā paʻakai phosphate ester a me nā paʻakai ester sulfate.

ʻO nā paʻakai ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā fungicides, ʻo ia nā paʻakai alkylamine linear, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, nā paʻakai alkylpyridinium, nā paʻakai o ka imidazoline a me nā mea i loaʻa iā ia, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary like ʻole, di(polyoxy) Vinyl) alkyl a me nā paʻakai kūloko o kāna mau derivatives.

ʻO nā surfactants ʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā degreasers ka nui o nā surfactants me nā hale lālā a me nā hui sodium dithiocarboxylate.

10. Surfactant no ke kahe ʻana o ka aila kemika

Hiki ke ho'iho'i hou 'ia ka aila kumu mua a me ka lua i ka 25%-50% o ka aila ma lalo o ka honua, akā he nui na'e ka aila kino e waiho ana ma lalo o ka honua a 'a'ole hiki ke ho'iho'i 'ia. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka aila kumu. Hoʻohana nui ka hoʻolaʻa ʻaila Tertiary i ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe wai kemika, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau mea hana kemika i ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai. Ma waena o nā kemika i hoʻohana ʻia, he surfactants ʻoihana kekahi. ʻO kahi hoʻolauna pōkole iā lākou penei:

ʻO ke ʻano o ka wai kahe wai kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka surfactant ma ke ʻano he mea nui i kapa ʻia ʻo surfactant flooding. Hoʻohana nui nā Surfactants i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka aila ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai aila a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā capillaries. Ma muli o ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻili o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke one, ʻo nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia he mau anionic surfactants, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he surfactants sulfonate. Hana ʻia ia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea sulfonating agent (e like me ka sulfur trioxide) i ka sulfonate petroleum hakina me nā ʻano hydrocarbon aromatic kiʻekiʻe, a laila hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou me ka alkali. ʻO kāna mau kikoʻī: mea ikaika 50% -80%, ʻaila mineral 5% -30%, wai 2% -20%, sodium sulfate 1% -6%. ʻAʻole kūpaʻa ka Petroleum sulfonate i ka wela, ka paʻakai, a i ʻole nā ​​iona metala kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā sulfonates synthetic mai nā hydrocarbons like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana synthetic. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka α-olefin sulfonate ka mea kūʻē i ka paʻakai a me nā ion metala kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea surfactant anionic-nonionic a me nā surfactant carboxylate no ka neʻe ʻana o ka aila. Pono ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka aila surfactant i ʻelua mau mea hoʻohui: ʻo ka co-surfactant, e like me isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenylene benzene sulfonate, etc. ka waiwai kaulike hydrophilic-lipophilic o ka mea hana. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka nalowale o ka surfactant a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hopena waiwai, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka waikahe surfactant i nā mea kemika i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea ʻālana. ʻO nā mea i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻālana e komo pū me nā mea alkaline a me nā waikawa polycarboxylic a me kā lākou mau paʻakai. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā oligomers a me nā polymers ma ke ʻano he ʻālana. ʻO Lignosulfonates a me kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana he mau mea hoʻolaʻa.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka aila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hoʻoneʻe aila kemika i kapa ʻia ʻo ka wai hoʻohuihui. ʻO kēia ʻano hoʻoneʻe ʻaila e pili ana i nā surfactants e komo pū ana: surfactant a polymer thickened surfactant flooding; ʻO ke kahe wai ʻana o ka wai wai me ka wai wai alkali + surfactant a i ʻole ka wai wai alkali hoʻonui ʻia i ka wai; ʻO ke kahe ʻana o nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka alkali + surfactant + polymer. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka wai hoʻohuihui ma mua o ka holo hoʻokahi. Wahi a ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻano hoʻomohala i kēia manawa ma ka home a ma waho, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wai kahe ʻana o ka ternary ma mua o ka wai hoʻohuihui binary. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka wai hoʻohuihui ternary ka nui o ka petroleum sulfonates, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia me ka sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid a me nā carboxylates o polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, a me polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate sodium salts. etc. e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ʻae ʻana i ka paʻakai. I kēia mau lā, ma ka home a me nā ʻāina ʻē i pili nui i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biosurfactants, e like me ka rhamnolipid, sophorolipid fermentation broth, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me nā carboxylates hui pū ʻia a me ka papermaking by-product alkali lignin, etc. He hopena hoʻoneʻe ʻaila maikaʻi.