Ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā surfactants i ka hana ʻaila

Hoʻohana ʻia onā mea hoʻoheheʻema ka hana ʻaila

1. Nā Surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻaila kaumaha

Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity a me ka wai ʻole o ka ʻaila kaumaha, lawe mai ia i nā pilikia he nui i ka eli ʻana. I mea e unuhi ai i kēia mau ʻaila kaumaha, i kekahi manawa pono e hoʻokomo i kahi hopena wai o ka surfactant downhole e hoʻololi i ka ʻaila kaumaha viscosity kiʻekiʻe i loko o kahi emulsion ʻaila-i-ka-wai haʻahaʻa a unuhi iā ia i ka ʻili. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia ʻano emulsification ʻaila kaumaha a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka viscosity e komo pū me ka sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, polyoxyethylene Vinyl alkyl alcohol ether sulfate sodium salt, etc. Pono ka emulsion ʻaila-i-ka-wai i hana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai a hoʻohana i kekahi mau surfactants ʻoihana e like me nā demulsifiers no ka dehydration. ʻO kēia mau demulsifiers he mau emulsifiers wai-i-ka-ʻaila. ʻO ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia he cationic surfactants a i ʻole naphthenic acids, asphaltonic acids a me kā lākou mau paʻakai metala multivalent.

ʻAʻole hiki ke eli ʻia ka ʻaila kaumaha kūikawā e nā ʻāpana pamu maʻamau a koi ʻia ka hoʻokomo mahu no ka hoʻōla wela. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hopena hoʻōla wela, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka huʻa i loko o ka lua hoʻokomo mahu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mea hoʻopūhū kū i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me ke kinoea non-condensable, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano modulation i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.

ʻO nā mea hoʻopū i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers a me sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka mea he kiʻekiʻe ka hana o nā surfactants fluorinated a paʻa i nā waikawa, alkalis, oxygen, wela a me ka ʻaila, he mau mea hoʻopū wela kiʻekiʻe lākou. I mea e maʻalahi ai ka hele ʻana o ka ʻaila i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma o ke ʻano o ka puʻu pore o ke kūkulu ʻana, a i ʻole e maʻalahi ka hoʻokuke ʻana i ka ʻaila ma luna o ke kūkulu ʻana, pono e hoʻohana i kahi surfactant i kapa ʻia he film diffusing agent. ʻO ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surface activity agent.

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1. Nā Surfactants no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻaila maka waxy

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila maka waxy e pono ai ka pale pinepine ʻana i ka wax a me ka wehe ʻana i ka wax. Hana nā Surfactants ma ke ʻano he mea pale wax a me nā mea wehe wax. Aia nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila a me nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka anti-wax. Hoʻokani ka mea mua i kahi hana anti-wax ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai o ka ʻili kristal wax. ʻO nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he petroleum sulfonates a me amine surfactants. Hoʻokani nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai i kahi hana anti-wax ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai o nā ʻili i hana ʻia i ka wax (e like me nā paipu ʻaila, nā koʻokoʻo sucker a me nā ʻili o nā lako). ʻO nā surfactants i loaʻa e komo pū me ka sodium alkyl sulfonates, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers a me kā lākou sulfonate sodium salts, a pēlā aku. Ua māhele ʻia nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i ka wax i ʻelua ʻano. Hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila no nā mea wehe wax e pili ana i ka ʻaila, a me ke ʻano sulfonate hoʻoheheʻe wai, ke ʻano paʻakai ammonium quaternary, ke ʻano polyether, ke ʻano Tween, nā surfactants ʻano OP, ke ʻano pālahalaha Sulfate a i ʻole sulfo-alkylated a me ke ʻano OP.mea hoʻoheheʻeHoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohemo wax wai. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hui pū ʻia nā mea hoʻohemo wax kūloko a me nā haole me ke ʻano organik, a ua hui pū ʻia nā mea hoʻohemo wax aila a me nā mea hoʻohemo wax wai e hana i nā mea hoʻohemo wax hybrid. Hoʻohana kēia mea hoʻohemo wax i nā hydrocarbons ʻala a me nā hydrocarbons ʻala i hui pū ʻia ma ke ʻano he pae aila, a hoʻohana i kahi emulsifier me ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe wax ma ke ʻano he pae wai. Ke lilo ka emulsifier i koho ʻia i surfactant nonionic me kahi kiko ao kūpono, hiki i ka mahana ma lalo o ka ʻāpana waxing o ka lua aila ke hiki a ʻoi aku paha i kona kiko ao, i hiki ai i ka mea hoʻohemo wax hui ke haki i ka emulsification ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻāpana hoʻokumu wax, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻelua mau mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe wax, e pāʻani ana i ke kuleana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wax i ka manawa like.

3. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waihoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka lepo

Ua māhele ʻia ka lepo paʻa i ʻelua ʻano: ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā minelala lepo a me ka pale ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana minelala lepo. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants cationic e like me ke ʻano paʻakai amine, ke ʻano paʻakai ammonium quaternary, ke ʻano paʻakai pyridinium, a me ka paʻakai imidazoline e pale aku i ka pehu ʻana o ka lepo. Loaʻa nā surfactants nonionic-cationic i loaʻa ka fluorine e pale aku i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana minelala lepo.

4. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waihoʻohana ʻia i nā ana acidification

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena acidification, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā ʻano mea hoʻohui like ʻole i ka hopena waikawa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi surfactant e kūlike me ka hopena waikawa a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻopili ʻia e ke ʻano he mea hoʻomau acidification. E like me ka momona amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium salt, pyridine salt i loko o nā surfactants cationic a me sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate ester salted a i ʻole sulfate ester salted polyoxyethylene alkanes i loko o nā amphoteric surfactants base phenol ether, etc. ʻO kekahi mau surfactants, e like me ka dodecyl sulfonic acid a me kāna mau paʻakai alkylamine, hiki ke emulsify i ka wai waikawa i loko o ka aila e hana i kahi emulsion acid-in-oil. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia emulsion ma ke ʻano he wai ʻoihana acidified a pāʻani pū kekahi i kahi hana hoʻomau.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants ma ke ʻano he anti-emulsifiers no nā wai acidifying. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants me nā ʻano lālā e like me ka polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether a me ka polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene pentaethylene hexaamine ma ke ʻano he acidifying anti-emulsifiers.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants e like me nā mea kōkua hoʻokahe wai nele i ka waikawa. ʻO nā surfactants i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea kōkua hoʻokahe wai e komo pū me ke ʻano paʻakai amine, ke ʻano paʻakai ammonium quaternary, ke ʻano paʻakai pyridinium, nā surfactants nonionic, amphoteric a me nā fluorine-containing surfactants.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants e like me nā mea anti-sludge acidifying, e like me nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila, e like me alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, quaternary ammonium salts, etc. No ka mea he haʻahaʻa ko lākou solubility acid, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants nonionic e hoʻopuehu iā lākou i loko o ka hopena waikawa.

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena acidification, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea hoʻohuli pulu i ka hopena waikawa e hoʻohuli i ka wettability o ka ʻāpana kokoke i ka luawai mai ka lipophilic a i ka hydrophilic. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hui ʻana o ka polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers a me ka phosphate-salted polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers e hana i ke kolu o ka papa adsorption, kahi e pāʻani ai i kahi hana i ka pulu a me ka hoʻohuli.

Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau surfactants, e like me ka amine hydrochloride momona, ka paʻakai ammonium quaternary a i ʻole ka nonionic-anionic surfactant, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻohua e hana i ka wai hana waikawa foam e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka palaho a me ka acidification hohonu, a i ʻole hana ʻia nā Foam mai kēia a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he pre-fluid no ka acidification. Ma hope o ko lākou hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ke ʻano, hoʻokomo ʻia ka hopena waikawa. ʻO ka hopena Jamin i hana ʻia e nā pehu i loko o ka huʻa hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka wai waikawa, e koi ana i ka wai waikawa e hoʻoheheʻe nui i ka papa permeability haʻahaʻa, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka hopena acidification.

5. Nā Surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ana fracturing

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā hana haki i nā kahua aila permeability haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana lākou i ke kaomi e wehe i ke ʻano e hana i nā haki, a hoʻohana i ka proppant e kākoʻo i nā haki e hōʻemi i ke kū'ē ʻana o ke kahe wai a hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana a me ka nānā ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau wai haki me nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā mea hoʻohui.

Hoʻohui ʻia nā wai haki ʻaila-i-ka-wai me ka wai, ka ʻaila a me nā emulsifiers. ʻO nā emulsifiers i hoʻohana ʻia he ionic, nonionic a me amphoteric surfactants. Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka wai mānoanoa ma ke ʻano he pae waho a hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he pae kūloko, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi wai haki ʻaila-i-ka-wai mānoanoa (polymer emulsion). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia wai haki i nā mahana ma lalo o 160°C a hiki ke uhaʻi aunoa i nā emulsions a hoʻokahe i nā wai.

ʻO ka wai haki huʻa he wai haki e hoʻohana ana i ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopuehu a me ke kinoea ma ke ʻano he pae hoʻopuehu. ʻO kona mau ʻāpana nui he wai, kinoea a me ka mea hoʻopuehu. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate ester salts, quaternary ammonium salts a me OP surfactants ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻopuehu. ʻO ka nui o ka mea hoʻopuehu i loko o ka wai he 0.5-2% maʻamau, a ʻo ka lakio o ka nui o ke kinoea i ka nui o ka huʻa aia ma ka pae o 0.5-0.9.

ʻO ka wai haki ʻaila kahi wai haki i hana ʻia me ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopuehu. ʻO ka ʻaila i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma kahi, ʻo ia ka ʻaila maka a i ʻole kona ʻāpana kaumaha. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kona ʻano viscosity a me ka mahana, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka petroleum sulfonate hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila (kaumaha molekala 300-750). Hoʻokomo pū nā wai haki ʻaila i nā wai haki wai-i-ka-ʻaila a me nā wai haki huʻa ʻaila. ʻO nā emulsifiers i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka mea mua, he mau surfactants anionic hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila, nā surfactants cationic a me nā surfactants nonionic, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hoʻopaʻa huʻa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka mea hope, he mau surfactants polymer i loaʻa ka fluorine.

Hoʻohana ka wai haki hoʻokumu wai-koʻikoʻi i ka hui ʻana o ka waiʻona (e like me ka ethylene glycol) a me ka ʻaila (e like me ke kerosene) ma ke ʻano he medium dispersion, ka carbon dioxide wai ma ke ʻano he phase dispersed, a me ka sulfate-salted polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether ma ke ʻano he emulsifier. A i ʻole emulsion a huʻa paha i hoʻohuihui ʻia me ka mea hoʻohua e wāwahi i nā ʻano wai-koʻikoʻi.

ʻO ka wai fracturing i hoʻohana ʻia no ka fracturing a me ka acidification he wai fracturing a he wai acidifying. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻano carbonate, a ua hoʻokō ʻia nā ana ʻelua i ka manawa like. E pili ana i nā surfactants ʻo ia ka acid foam a me ka acid emulsion. Hoʻohana ka mea mua i ka alkyl sulfonate a i ʻole alkyl benzene sulfonate ma ke ʻano he foaming agent, a hoʻohana ka mea hope i ka sulfonate surfactant ma ke ʻano he emulsifier. E like me nā wai acidifying, hoʻohana pū nā wai fracturing i nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he anti-emulsifiers, nā mea kōkua hoʻokahe a me nā mea hoʻohuli wetting, ʻaʻole e kūkākūkā ʻia ma ʻaneʻi.

6. E hoʻohana i nā surfactants no ka kaohi ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao a me nā hana pale wai

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻokomo wai a kāohi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka wai o ka ʻaila maka, pono e hoʻoponopono i ke ʻano omo wai ma nā lua hoʻokomo wai a hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana ma ke ālai ʻana i ka wai ma nā lua hana. Hoʻohana pinepine kekahi o nā ʻano kaohi ʻana a me ke ālai ʻana i ka wai i kekahi mau surfactants.

Ua haku ʻia ka mea hoʻomalu ʻikepili gel HPC/SDS me ka hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) a me ka sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe.

Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka sodium alkyl sulfonate a me ka alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride i loko o ka wai e hoʻomākaukau i ʻelua mau wai hana, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke ʻano kekahi ma hope o kekahi. Hoʻopili nā wai hana ʻelua kekahi i kekahi i ke ʻano e hana i ka alkyl trimethylamine. Hoʻopili ka sulfite a ālai i ka papa permeability kiʻekiʻe.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, alkyl aryl sulfonates, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea hoʻopū, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e hoʻomākaukau i kahi wai hana, a laila e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke ʻano me ka wai hana kalapona dioxide wai i loko o ke ʻano, i loko wale nō o ke ʻano (ʻo ka papa permeable kiʻekiʻe loa) e hana i ka huʻa, hana i ka blockade, a pāʻani i kahi hana i ka kaohi ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao.

Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi surfactant ammonium quaternary ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopū i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi sol waikawa silicic i haku ʻia me ka ammonium sulfate a me ke aniani wai a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke ʻano, a laila e hoʻokomo i ke kinoea non-condensable (kinoea kūlohelohe a chlorine paha), hiki ke hana ʻia kahi ʻano wai-wai i loko o ke ʻano mua. ʻO ka huʻa i loko o ka interlayer dispersion, a ukali ʻia e ka gelation o ka sol waikawa silicic, e hana i kahi huʻa me ka paʻa ma ke ʻano he medium dispersion, e pāʻani ana i ke kuleana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka papa permeability kiʻekiʻe a me ka kaohi ʻana i ka profile.

Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactants sulfonate e like me nā mea hoʻopū a me nā hui polymer e like me nā mea hoʻopaʻa huʻa mānoanoa, a laila e hoʻokomo i ke kinoea a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana kinoea, hana ʻia kahi huʻa wai ma ka honua a i ʻole i loko o ke kahua. He ʻili kēia huʻa i loko o ka papa aila. Neʻe ka nui o ka mea hana i ka pilina aila-wai, e hana ana i ka luku huʻa, no laila ʻaʻole ia e ālai i ka papa aila. He mea koho a pale wai ia i ka luawai aila.

ʻO ka mea pale wai o ka sima ʻaila he mea hoʻokuʻu o ka sima i loko o ka ʻaila. He hydrophilic ka ʻili o ka sima. Ke komo i loko o ka papa hana wai, hoʻoneʻe ka wai i ka pilina ma waena o ka luawai ʻaila a me ka sima ma luna o ka ʻili o ka sima, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka sima a ālai i ka papa hana wai. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kahe ʻana o kēia mea hoʻopili, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā surfactants carboxylate a me sulfonate.

ʻO ka mea pale wai micellar wai-hoʻoheheʻe wai he hopena micellar i haku ʻia me ka petroleum ammonium sulfonate, hydrocarbons a me nā alcohols. Loaʻa iā ia ka wai paʻakai kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke ʻano a lilo i viscous e hoʻokō ai i ka hopena pale wai.

ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa wai i ka wai a i ʻole ka ʻaila i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o ka alkyl carboxylate a me nā mea hana paʻakai alkyl ammonium chloride a kūpono wale nō ia no nā ʻano one.

ʻO ka mea pale wai aila kaumaha ikaika he ʻano aila kaumaha i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka emulsifier wai-i-ka-ʻaila. Hoʻopuka ia i kahi emulsion wai-i-ka-ʻaila mānoanoa loa ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ke ʻano e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka pale ʻana i ka wai.

Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka mea ālai wai-ʻaila-i-ka-wai ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila kaumaha i loko o ka wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi surfactant cationic ma ke ʻano he emulsifier ʻaila-i-ka-wai.

7. E hoʻohana i nā surfactants no nā hana kaohi one

Ma mua o nā hana kaohi one, pono e hoʻokomo ʻia kahi nui o ka wai i hoʻāla ʻia me nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he pre-flu e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua i ke ʻano e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena kaohi one. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā surfactants anionic ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.

8. Surfactant no ka dehydration o ka ʻaila maka

I nā pae hoʻōla mua a me ka lua o ka ʻaila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā demulsifiers wai-i-ka-ʻaila no ka ʻaila maka i unuhi ʻia. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻekolu hanauna o nā huahana. ʻO ka hanauna mua he carboxylate, sulfate a me sulfonate. ʻO ka lua o ka hanauna he mau surfactants nonionic haʻahaʻa-molecular e like me OP, Pingpingjia a me ka ʻaila castor sulfonated. ʻO ke kolu o ka hanauna he polymer nonionic surfactant.

I nā pae hope o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila lua a me ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila tertiary, ʻo ka ʻaila maka i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka emulsion ʻaila-i-ka-wai. ʻEhā ʻano o nā demulsifiers i hoʻohana ʻia, e like me ka tetradecyltrimethyloxyammonium chloride a me ka didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Hiki iā lākou ke hana me nā emulsifiers anionic e hoʻololi i ko lākou waiwai kaulike ʻaila hydrophilic, a i ʻole Adsorbed ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana lepo wai-pulu, e hoʻololi ana i ko lākou wettability a luku i nā emulsions ʻaila-i-ka-wai. Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi mau surfactants anionic a me nā surfactants nonionic hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā emulsifiers wai-i-ka-ʻaila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā demulsifiers no nā emulsions ʻaila-i-ka-wai.

1. Nā Surfactants no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai

Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o ka wai hana ʻaila mai ka ʻaila maka, pono e mālama ʻia ka wai i hana ʻia e hoʻokō i nā koi reinjection. ʻEono mau kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pale ʻana i ka palaho, ka pale ʻana i ka unahi, ka sterilization, ka wehe ʻana i ka oxygen, ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ka wehe ʻana i nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. No laila, pono e hoʻohana i nā mea pale palaho, nā mea anti-scaling, nā bactericides, nā mea hoʻopau oxygen, nā mea hoʻohemo momona a me nā flocculants, a pēlā aku. ʻO nā ʻano aʻe e pili ana i nā surfactants ʻoihana:

ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea hoʻopale i ka corrosion e komo pū me nā paʻakai o ka alkyl sulfonic acid, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, linear alkyl amine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, a me alkyl pyridine salts. , nā paʻakai o imidazoline a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propargyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene rosin amine, polyoxyethylene stearylamine a me polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers Alkyl sulfonate, nā paʻakai kūloko ammonium quaternary like ʻole, di(polyoxyethylene)alkyl internal salts a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa.

ʻO nā Surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau mea antifouling e komo pū me nā paʻakai phosphate ester, nā paʻakai sulfate ester, nā acetates, nā carboxylates a me kā lākou mau hui polyoxyethylene. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa wela o nā paʻakai sulfonate ester a me nā paʻakai carboxylate ma mua o nā paʻakai phosphate ester a me nā paʻakai sulfate ester.

ʻO nā surfactants ʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā fungicides e komo pū me nā paʻakai alkylamine linear, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, nā paʻakai alkylpyridinium, nā paʻakai o imidazoline a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary like ʻole, di(polyoxy) Vinyl) alkyl a me nā paʻakai kūloko o kāna mau mea i loaʻa.

ʻO nā surfactants ʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā degreasers he mau surfactants me nā ʻano lālā a me nā hui sodium dithiocarboxylate.

10. Surfactant no ke kahe ʻana o ka aila kemika

Hiki i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila mua a me ka lua ke hoʻōla i 25%-50% o ka ʻaila maka ma lalo o ka honua, akā nui nō ka ʻaila maka e waiho ana ma lalo o ka honua a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻōla ʻia. Hiki i ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila tertiary ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila maka. Hoʻohana nui ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila tertiary i ke ʻano hoʻopiha kemika, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau mea kemika i ka wai i hoʻokomo ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai. Ma waena o nā kemika i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo kekahi he mau surfactants ʻoihana. Eia kahi hoʻolauna pōkole iā lākou:

ʻO ke ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila kemika e hoʻohana ana i ka surfactant ma ke ʻano he mea nui i kapa ʻia ʻo surfactant flooding. Hoʻokani nui nā Surfactants i kahi hana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka tension interfacial aila-wai a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā capillaries. ʻOiai ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka ʻili o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke one, ʻo nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia he mau surfactants anionic nui, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he mau surfactants sulfonate. Hana ʻia ia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea sulfonating (e like me ka sulfur trioxide) e sulfonate i nā ʻāpana petroleum me ka nui o ka hydrocarbon aromatic, a laila hoʻopau iā lākou me ka alkali. ʻO kāna mau kikoʻī: mea hana 50%-80%, ʻaila mineral 5%-30%, wai 2%-20%, sodium sulfate 1%-6%. ʻAʻole kūpaʻa ka petroleum sulfonate i ka mahana, ka paʻakai, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​iona metala kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā sulfonates synthetic mai nā hydrocarbons e pili ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano synthetic e pili ana. I waena o lākou, kūpaʻa loa ka α-olefin sulfonate i ka paʻakai a me nā iona metala kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants anionic-nonionic ʻē aʻe a me nā surfactants carboxylate no ka hoʻoneʻe ʻaila. Pono ka hoʻoneʻe ʻaila Surfactant i ʻelua ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui: ʻo kekahi he co-surfactant, e like me isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenylene benzene sulfonate, a pēlā aku, a ʻo kekahi he dielectric, me nā paʻakai waikawa a me alkali, ʻo ia hoʻi nā paʻakai, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hydrophilicity o ka surfactant a hoʻonui iki i ka lipophilicity, a hoʻololi pū i ka waiwai kaulike hydrophilic-lipophilic o ka mea hana. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka nalowale o ka surfactant a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hopena waiwai, hoʻohana pū ka surfactant flooding i nā kemika i kapa ʻia he mau mea mōhai. ʻO nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau mea mōhai e komo pū me nā mea alkaline a me nā waikawa polycarboxylic a me ko lākou mau paʻakai. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā Oligomers a me nā polymers ma ke ʻano he mau mea mōhai. ʻO nā Lignosulfonates a me kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana he mau mea mōhai.

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoneʻe ʻaila e hoʻohana ana i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā mea nui o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻaila kemika i kapa ʻia ʻo composite flooding. ʻO kēia ʻano hoʻoneʻe ʻaila e pili ana i nā surfactants e komo pū ana me: ka surfactant a me ka polymer thickened surfactant flooding; Alkali-enhanced surfactant flooding me ka alkali + surfactant a i ʻole surfactant-enhanced alkali flooding; element-based composite flooding me ka alkali + surfactant + polymer. ʻO ka composite flooding ma ke ʻano laulā he kiʻekiʻe aʻe nā mea hoʻōla ma mua o kahi drive hoʻokahi. Wahi a ka loiloi o kēia manawa o nā ʻano hoʻomohala ma ka home a ma waho, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ternary compound flooding ma mua o ka binary compound flooding. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ternary composite flooding he petroleum sulfonates, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia me ka sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid a me carboxylates o polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, a me polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate sodium salts. etc. e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona hoʻomanawanui paʻakai. I kēia mau lā iho nei, ma ka home a ma waho hoʻi, ua hoʻopili nui ʻia ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biosurfactants, e like me rhamnolipid, sophorolipid fermentation broth, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me nā carboxylates i hui pū ʻia a me ka pepa hana alkali lignin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ua loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi loa ma ke kahua a me nā hoʻokolohua o loko. ʻO ka hopena hoʻoneʻe aila maikaʻi.