He aha nā biosurfaktan?

ʻO nā biosurfactants nā metabolites i hūnā ʻia e nā microorganism i ka wā o kā lākou kaʻina metabolic ma lalo o nā kūlana mahiʻai. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants chemically synthesized, loaʻa i nā biosurfactants nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa he nui, e like me ke ʻano like ʻole o ke kūkulu ʻana, biodegradability, ka hana olaola ākea, a me ke aloha kaiapuni. Ma muli o nā kumu e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai maka, ke kumukūʻai, a me nā palena hana o nā surfactants synthetic-i hui pū ʻia me ko lākou ʻano e hoʻopilikia i ke olakino kanaka i ka wā o ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana-ua ulu nui ka noiʻi ʻana i nā biosurfactants i nā makahiki ʻelua i hala aku nei i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike kaiapuni a me ke olakino. Ua ulu wikiwiki ka mahinaʻai, me ka nui o nā patent i waiho ʻia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa no nā biosurfactants like ʻole a me kā lākou hana hana. Ma Kina, ua kālele nui ʻia ka noiʻi i ka noi ʻana o nā biosurfactants i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka aila a me ka bioremediation.

1. Nā ʻano o nā biosurfactants a me nā ʻano hana

1.1 ʻAno Biosurfactants

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā surfactants i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kemika e pili ana i kā lākou mau pūʻulu polar, ʻoiai ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā biosurfactants e like me kā lākou waiwai biochemical a me nā microorganism e hana ana. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ʻelima mau ʻano: glycolipids, phospholipids a me nā momona momona, lipopeptides a me lipoproteins, polymeric surfactants, a me nā surfactants kūikawā.

1.2 Hana ʻana i nā ʻano o nā biosurfactants

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā biosurfactants he metabolites o ka bacteria, yeasts, a me nā haʻi. Hoʻopili nui ʻia kēia mau mea hana mai nā loko i hoʻohaumia ʻia i ka aila, ka lepo, a i ʻole nā ​​wahi kai.

2. Ka hana ʻana i nā Biosurfactants

I kēia manawa, hiki ke hana ʻia nā biosurfactants ma o ʻelua mau ala nui: microbial fermentation a me enzymatic synthesis.

I ka fermentation, ke ʻano a me ka hua o nā biosurfactants e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka microorganism, kona pae ulu, ke ʻano o ka substrate kalapona, nā ʻāpana o N, P, a me nā ion metala (e like me Mg²⁺ a me Fe²⁺) i loko o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu, a me nā kūlana mahiʻai (pH, mahana, wikiwiki agitation, etc.). ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ka fermentation e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā ʻokoʻa o nā huahana, a me nā kaʻina hana maʻalahi, e kūpono ia no ka hana ʻoihana nui. Eia naʻe, hiki ke kiʻekiʻe nā kumukūʻai o ka hoʻokaʻawale a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā surfactants i hoʻohuihui ʻia me ka enzymatically, akā e hōʻike ana i ka hana maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi o ka hana enzymatic, ʻo ia nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, maʻalahi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana, hoʻomaʻemaʻe pololei, a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o nā enzyme immobilized. Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants enzymatically synthesized e hana i nā huahana i hoʻohui ʻia i ka waiwai nui, e like me nā ʻāpana lāʻau. ʻOiai ke kiʻekiʻe nei nā kumukūʻai enzyme, ʻo ka holomua o ka ʻenekinia genetic e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka kūpaʻa o ka enzyme a me ka hana e manaʻo ʻia e hōʻemi i nā lilo hana.