He aha nā biosurfactants?

ʻO nā biosurfactants he mau metabolites i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā microorganism i ka wā o kā lākou kaʻina hana metabolic ma lalo o nā kūlana mahiʻai kikoʻī. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants i hana ʻia me ka kemika, loaʻa i nā biosurfactants nā ʻano kūikawā he nui, e like me ke ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano, ka biodegradability, ka hana olaola ākea, a me ke aloha i ke kaiapuni. Ma muli o nā mea e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea maka, ke kumukūʻai, a me nā palena hana o nā surfactants synthetic—me ko lākou ʻano e hoʻoulu ai i ka haumia koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni a hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino kanaka i ka wā o ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana—ua ulu nui ka noiʻi ʻana ma nā biosurfactants i nā makahiki he iwakālua i hala iho nei i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike kaiapuni a me ke olakino. Ua ulu wikiwiki ke kahua, me nā palapala hoʻopaʻa he nui i waiho ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa no nā biosurfactants like ʻole a me kā lākou mau kaʻina hana. Ma Kina, ua kālele nui ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā biosurfactants i ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ka bioremediation.

1. Nā ʻano o nā Biosurfactants a me nā ʻano hana

1.1 Nā ʻAno o nā Biosurfactants

Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia nā surfactants i hana ʻia me ke kemika ma muli o kā lākou mau hui polar, ʻoiai ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā biosurfactants e like me ko lākou mau waiwai biochemical a me nā microorganism e hana ana. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ua māhele ʻia lākou i ʻelima mau ʻano: glycolipids, phospholipids a me nā fatty acids, lipopeptides a me lipoproteins, polymeric surfactants, a me nā surfactants kūikawā.

1.2 Ke hana ʻana i nā ʻano Biosurfactants

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā biosurfactants he mau metabolites o nā bacteria, nā hū, a me nā fungi. Ua kānana nui ʻia kēia mau ʻano hana mai nā loko, ka lepo, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​wahi kai i haumia i ka aila.

2. Hana ʻana o nā Biosurfactants

I kēia manawa, hiki ke hana ʻia nā biosurfactants ma o ʻelua mau ʻano nui: microbial fermentation a me enzymatic synthesis.

I ka fermentation, ʻo ke ʻano a me ka hua o nā biosurfactants e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka microorganism, kona pae ulu, ke ʻano o ka substrate carbon, nā ʻano o N, P, a me nā ions metala (e like me Mg²⁺ a me Fe²⁺) i loko o ka medium culture, a me nā kūlana mahiʻai (pH, mahana, wikiwiki o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, a pēlā aku). ʻO nā pono o ka fermentation e komo pū me nā kumukūʻai hana haʻahaʻa, nā ʻano huahana like ʻole, a me nā kaʻina hana maʻalahi, e kūpono ai no ka hana ʻoihana nui. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana.

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ʻano molekala i hana ʻia e ka enzymatically akā hōʻike like i ka hana ʻili maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā pono o ke ʻano enzymatic e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻemi haʻahaʻa, ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pololei, a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia o nā enzymes i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants i hana ʻia e ka enzymatically e hana i nā huahana waiwai nui, e like me nā ʻāpana lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻOiai ke kiʻekiʻe nei nā kumukūʻai enzyme i kēia manawa, manaʻo ʻia nā holomua i ka ʻenekinia genetic e hoʻonui i ka paʻa a me ka hana o ka enzyme e hōʻemi i nā lilo hana.