Dab tsi yog biosurfactants?

Biosurfactants yog cov metabolites secreted los ntawm cov kab mob thaum lawv cov txheej txheem metabolic nyob rau hauv tej yam kev cog qoob loo. Piv nrog rau cov tshuaj lom neeg tsim tawm surfactants, biosurfactants muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb, xws li kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv, biodegradability, dav lom lom zem, thiab ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg. Vim muaj tej yam xws li raw khoom muaj, nqi, thiab kev txwv kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hluavtaws surfactants-ua ke nrog lawv nyiam ua rau muaj kuab paug ib puag ncig hnyav thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thaum tsim khoom thiab siv-kev tshawb fawb txog biosurfactants tau loj hlob ntau dua ob xyoo dhau los raws li kev paub txog ib puag ncig thiab kev noj qab haus huv tau nce. Lub teb tau tsim sai heev, nrog ntau cov ntaub ntawv patents thoob ntiaj teb rau ntau yam biosurfactants thiab lawv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Hauv Suav teb, kev tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev siv biosurfactants hauv kev txhim kho roj rov qab thiab bioremediation.

1.Nyob ntawm Biosurfactants thiab tsim cov kab

1.1 Hom Biosurfactants

Chemically synthesized surfactants feem ntau yog cais raws li lawv pawg polar, whereas biosurfactants raug categorized raws li lawv cov khoom siv biochemical thiab cov kab mob tsim tawm. Lawv feem ntau muab faib ua tsib hom: glycolipids, phospholipids thiab fatty acids, lipopeptides thiab lipoproteins, polymeric surfactants, thiab tshwj xeeb surfactants.

1.2 Kev tsim cov kab mob Biosurfactants

Feem ntau cov biosurfactants yog cov metabolites ntawm cov kab mob, cov poov xab, thiab fungi. Cov kab uas tsim tawm no feem ntau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov pas dej uas muaj roj, av, lossis ib puag ncig marine.

2.Production ntawm Biosurfactants

Tam sim no, biosurfactants tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb: microbial fermentation thiab enzymatic synthesis.

Nyob rau hauv fermentation, hom thiab yield ntawm biosurfactants nyob ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob, nws txoj kev loj hlob theem, qhov xwm ntawm cov pa roj carbon substrate, cov concentrations ntawm N, P, thiab hlau ions (xws li Mg²⁺ thiab Fe²⁺) nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai nruab nrab, raws li zoo raws li cultivation tej yam kev mob (pH, kub, thiab lwm yam). Qhov zoo ntawm fermentation suav nrog cov nqi tsim khoom tsawg, ntau hom khoom, thiab cov txheej txheem yooj yim, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau kev lag luam loj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nqi ntawm kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv tuaj yeem siab.

Hauv qhov sib piv, enzymatically synthesized surfactants feem ntau muaj cov qauv molecular yooj yim dua tab sis pom muaj qhov sib luag zoo heev ntawm qhov chaw. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj hauv kev enzymatic suav nrog cov nqi qis dua, yooj yim ntawm kev hloov kho cov qauv, kev ua kom huv ncaj qha, thiab rov siv tau ntawm cov enzymes immobilized. Tsis tas li ntawd, enzymatically synthesized surfactants tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv, xws li cov khoom siv tshuaj. Txawm hais tias tus nqi enzyme tam sim no siab, kev nce qib hauv kev tsim cov noob caj noob ces txhawm rau txhim kho enzyme stability thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum txo qis cov nqi tsim khoom.