1.Surfactants maka nnukwu mmanụ mmanụ
N'ihi nnukwu viscosity na mmiri na-adịghị mma nke mmanụ dị arọ, mmịpụta ya na-ebute nnukwu nsogbu. Iji nwetaghachi mmanụ dị arọ dị otú ahụ, a na-agbanye ihe ngwọta mmiri nke surfactants mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ iji gbanwee crude nke ukwuu ka ọ bụrụ emulsion nke mmanụ na-enweghị viscosity, nke enwere ike ịgbanye ya n'elu.
The surfactants eji na nke a arọ mmanụ emulsification na viscosity mbelata usoro gụnyere sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, na sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl mmanya ether sulfate.
The amịpụtara mmanụ-n'ime mmiri emulsion chọrọ mmiri nkewa, nke ụlọ ọrụ surfactants na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka demulsifiers. Ndị a demulsifiers bụ mmiri na mmanụ emulsifiers. Ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere cationic surfactants ma ọ bụ acid naphthenic, asphaltic acid, na nnu metal ha polyvalent.
Maka crudes viscous nke enweghị ike ịpụta site na iji ụzọ mgbapụta oge ochie, a chọrọ ntụtụ uzuoku maka mgbake ọkụ. Iji kwalite arụmọrụ mgbake ọkụ, surfactants dị mkpa. Otu ụzọ a na-esi emekarị bụ ịgbanye ụfụfụ n'ime ntụtụ nke uzuoku nke ọma-kpọmkwem, ihe ndị na-eme ka ụfụfụ na-eguzogide okpomọkụ na gas ndị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ.
Ihe ndị na-eji ụfụfụ eme ihe na-agụnye alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, na sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers. N'ihi ọrụ elu ha dị elu na nkwụsi ike megide acids, bases, oxygen, heat, na mmanụ, fluorinated surfactants bụ ezigbo ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ.
Iji mee ka ọ dị mfe ịgafe mmanụ agbasasịworo site n'ụdị pore-akpịrị nke nhazi ma ọ bụ iji mee ka mmanụ dị n'elu nhazi ahụ dị mfe ịkwaga, a na-eji ihe ndị a maara dị ka ndị na-agbasa ihe nkiri dị mkpa. Otu ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị bụ oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.
2.Surfactants maka Waxy Crude mmanụ mmịpụta
Ịwepụta mmanụ crude waxy chọrọ mgbochi na iwepụ wax mgbe niile. Surfactants na-eje ozi dị ka ma inhibitors wax na nkesa paraffin.
Maka mgbochi wax, enwere surfactants mmanụ-soluble (nke na-agbanwe ihe ndị dị n'elu nke kristal wax) na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri na-edozi (nke na-agbanwe ihe onwunwe nke ihe nkwụnye ihe dị ka tubing, mkpara sucker, na akụrụngwa). Surfactants ndị a na-agbari mmanụ na-agụnyekarị mmanụ ala sufonates na ụdị amine surfactants. Nhọrọ ndị nwere ike ime mmiri na-agụnye sodium alkyl sulfonate, quaternary ammonium salts, alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic polyoxyethylene ethers, na ihe ndị na-emepụta sodium sulfonate ha.
Maka mwepụ nke paraffin, a na-ekewakwa ndị surfactants n'ime mmanụ-soluble (nke a na-eji na mmanụ paraffin wepụ mmanụ) na mmiri-soluble (dị ka sulfonate-ụdị, quaternary ammonium-ụdị, polyether-ụdị, Tween-ụdị, OP-ụdị surfactants, na sulfate/sulfonated PEG-ụdị surfac ma ọ bụ OPs).
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, omume ụlọ na nke mba ụwa ejikọtala mgbochi na iwepụ wax, na-ejikọta mmanụ na-ekpochapụ mmanụ na mmiri n'ime ngwakọ paraffin. Ndị a na-eji hydrocarbons aromatic dị ka oge mmanụ na emulsifiers nwere ihe na-agbaze paraffin dị ka oge mmiri. Mgbe emulsifier nwere ebe igwe ojii kwesịrị ekwesị (okpomọkụ nke ọ na-aghọ ígwé ojii), ọ na-eme ka ọ dị n'okpuru mpaghara ntinye ihe, na-ahapụ akụkụ abụọ ahụ ka ha rụọ ọrụ n'otu oge.
3.Surfactants maka ịkpọnwụ mmanụ crude
Na mgbake mmanụ nke isi na nke abụọ, a na-ejikarị mmanụ na-eme ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-eme ihe. Emepụtala ngwaahịa ọgbọ atọ:
1.First ọgbọ: Carboxylates, sulfates, na sulfonates.
2.Second ọgbọ: Low-molecular arọ nonionic surfactants (eg, OP, PEG, na sulfonated castor mmanụ).
3. Nke atọ ọgbọ: High-molecular-weight nonionic surfactants.
N'ọgwụgwụ mgbake nke abụọ na mgbake ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, mmanụ crude na-adịkarị ka emulsions mmiri na mmanụ. Demulsifiers dabara na ngalaba anọ:
· Quaternary ammonium salts (eg, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), nke na-emeghachi omume na anionic emulsifiers ịgbanwe ha HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic itule) ma ọ bụ adsorb n'elu mmiri-mmiri irighiri ụrọ, na-agbanwe wettability.
· Anionic surfactants (na-eme dị ka mmanụ-n'ime mmiri emulsifiers) na mmanụ-soluble nonionic surfactants, dịkwa irè maka imebi mmiri-na-mmanụ emulsions.
Oge nzipu: Sep-17-2025