He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o ngā matū horoi i roto i te hanganga papa uku, tae atu ki ēnei āhuatanga matua:
1. Hei Tāpiri Ranunga Mahana
(1) Te Tikanga Mahi
Ko ngā tāpiringa ranunga mahana he momo matū horoi (hei tauira, ngā tāpiringa ranunga mahana momo APTL) he mea tito mai i ngā rōpū lipophilic me hydrophilic i roto i ō rātou hanganga ngota. I te wā e whakaranua ana ngā ranunga uku, ka rehuhia ngā tāpiringa ranunga mahana ki roto i te ipu whakaranu me te uku. I raro i te whakaoho mīhini, ka piri ngā rōpū lipophilic ki te uku, i te wā e honoa ana ngā ngota wai toenga ki ngā rōpū hydrophilic hei hanga i tētahi kiriata wai hanganga i waenga i ngā konganuku kua pania ki te uku. Ka mahi tēnei kiriata wai hei hinu whakahinuhinu, e whakarei ake ana i te mahi o te ranunga i te wā e whakaranua ana. I te wā e whakatakoto ana i te papa me te whakakīkī, ka haere tonu te kiriata wai hanganga ki te whakarato hinu whakahinuhinu, e whakanui ake ana i te tere o te whakatakoto papa me te whakahaere i te whakakīkī o te ranunga. I muri i te otinga o te whakakīkī, ka mimiti haere ngā ngota wai, ā, ka heke te matū horoi ki te hononga i waenga i te uku me ngā konganuku, e whakapakari ana i te mahi piri i waenga i ngā konganuku me te here uku.
(2) Ngā Painga
Ka taea e ngā tāpiringa ranunga mahana te whakaiti i te pāmahana o te whakaranu, te whakatakoto papa, me te whakakīkī mā te 30–60°C, ka roa ake te wā hanga ki ngā taiao i runga ake i te 0°C. Ka whakaitihia e rātou ngā tukunga CO₂ mā te 50% pea, me ngā tukunga hau paitini (hei tauira, ngā auahi uku) mā te neke atu i te 80%. Hei tāpiri, ka ārai i te koroheketanga o te uku, ka whakarite i te kounga whakakīkī me te mahi hanga, ā, ka roa ake te roa o te mahi a ngā papa uku. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakamahi i ngā tāpiringa ranunga mahana ka taea te whakanui ake i te putanga o ngā whare whakaranu mā te 20–25% me te whakapiki ake i ngā tere whakatakoto papa/whakakīkī mā te 10–20%, ā, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te hanga me te whakapoto i te wā hanga.
2. Hei Kaiwhakarewa Uku
(1) Te Whakarōpūtanga me ngā Āhuatanga
Ko ngā kaiwhakaranu uku he matū horoi e whakarōpūtia ana e ngā āhuatanga ionic ki ngā momo cationic, anionic, kore-ionic, me te amphoteric. Ka piri ngā kaiwhakaranu uku cationic ki ngā matū whakapūmau kino mā roto i ngā utu pai, ka kaha te piri—he mea tino pai mō ngā rohe haukū me te ua. Ahakoa he iti te utu o ngā kaiwhakaranu anionic, he ngoikore te ātete ki te wai, ā, kei te whakakapia haeretia. Ka tutuki i ngā kaiwhakaranu kore-ionic me te amphoteric ngā whakaritenga o ngā āhuatanga taiao motuhake. Ka whakarōpūtia e te tere o te whakakorenga, kei roto i ēnei ko ngā momo whakatakoto puhoi (e whakamahia ana mō te hiri paru me te hangarua makariri), te whakatakoto waenga (te whakataurite i te wā whakatuwheratanga me te tere whakaora), me te whakatakoto tere (e whakamahia ana mō te maimoatanga mata hei whakahohe i te whakaora tere me te whakatuwheratanga waka).
(2) Ngā horopaki tono
Mā ngā emulsifier uku ka taea te whakaranu makariri me ngā tukanga whakatārewatanga matao e whakakorea ai te hiahia mō te whakamahana uku, ka whakaitihia te whakapaunga pūngao mā te neke atu i te 30%—he painga nui tēnei i ngā wāhi maunga tawhiti, i ngā whakatikatika tere rānei i ngā rori o te tāone. Ka whakamahia hoki ēnei mō te tiaki ārai (hei tauira, te hiri paru) hei whakatika i ngā ara tawhito me te whakaroa i te roa o te ratonga mā te 5–8 tau. Hei tāpiri, ka tautokohia e rātou te hangarua matao i roto i te wāhi, ka tutuki te hangarua 100% o ngā rauemi ara uku tawhito me te whakaiti i ngā utu mā te 20%.
3. Te Whakapai Ake i te Āhua Mahi o te Uku Tapatapahi me ōna Ranunga
(1) Pānga
Ko ngā matū horoi i hangaia mā te whakakotahi i ngā matū whakaiti matotoru hinu taumaha (AMS) me te Span80, ina tāpirihia ki te uku tapahi, ka tino whakaiti i te taumahatanga o te mata i te hononga uku-whakakī, ā, ka whakaiti i te matotoru o te uku tapahi. Mā tēnei ka whakarite i te pai o te whakaranu o te ranunga me te whakaiti i te horopeta tīhiera. Mā te whakaurunga o ngā matū horoi matū ka whakarei ake i te horapa o te uku ki runga i ngā mata whakakī, ka whakaiti i te ātete i te wā e whakatakoto ana i te papa, ā, ka whakanui ake i te taumata whakakī whakamutunga o ngā ranunga uku tapahi—ka whakapai ake i te ōritetanga o te whakaranu me te mahi whakatakoto/whakakī.
(2) Tikanga
Ka whakarerekētia e ngā matū horoi matū te taumahatanga ā-mata wai-totoka i waenga i te uku me ngā konganuku, ka taea ai e ngā ranunga uku te pupuri i te mahi hanga pai ahakoa te iti o te horopeta wairewa. I te horopeta wairewa o te 1.0–1.5%, ko te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga papa me te whakakīkī o ngā ranunga uku tapahi he rite ki te tāpiri i te 4–6% wairewa tīhiera, ka taea ai e te ranunga te whakatutuki i te ōritetanga o te ranunga me te kaha mahi whakakīkī.
4. Mō te Whakamahi Anō Matao o ngā Papa Āwhata
(1) Tikanga Whakamahi Anō
Ko ngā emulsifier uku hangarua matao he matū horoi e horapa ana te uku ki roto i ngā matūriki moroiti mā te mahi matū, ā, e whakau ana i a rātou ki roto i te wai, ko tā rātou mahi matua ka taea ai te hanga i te uku i roto i te pāmahana taiao. Ka hangaia e ngā ngota emulsifier he paparanga mimiti kua whakahāngaihia ki te atanga uku-kohu, e ātete ana ki te horo o te wai—he tino whai hua mō ngā kohu waikawa. I taua wā, ka uru ngā wāhanga hinu māmā i roto i te uku kua whakakohuhia ki roto i te uku kua tawhito, ka whakahokia mai tōna ngāwari me te whakanui ake i te tere hangarua o ngā rauemi kua whakahokia mai.
(2) Ngā Painga
Mā te hangarau hangarua matao ka taea te whakaranu me te hanga i ngā mea e pā ana ki te pāmahana taiao, ka whakaitihia te whakapaunga pūngao mā te 50–70% ki te whakaritea ki te hangarua wera, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi. E hangai ana ki ngā hiahia o te hangarua rauemi me te whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-09-2025