1. Zopangira Mafuta Olemera
Chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso kusayenda bwino kwa mafuta olemera, kutulutsa kwake kumabweretsa mavuto akulu. Kuti mafuta olemera otere apezekenso, nthawi zina madzi amadzimadzi a ma surfactants amalowetsedwa mu chitsime kuti asinthe mafuta okhuthala kwambiri kukhala emulsion yamafuta okhuthala ochepa, yomwe imatha kupopedwa pamwamba.
Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yochepetsera mafuta olemera iyi ndi sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, ndi sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate.
Emulsion ya mafuta opangidwa m'madzi imafuna kulekanitsidwa kwa madzi, komwe ma surfactants amafakitale amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ma demulsifier. Ma demulsifier awa ndi ma emulsifiers amadzi opangidwa m'mafuta. Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga ma cationic surfactants kapena naphthenic acids, asphaltic acids, ndi mchere wawo wachitsulo wochuluka.
Pa zinthu zokhuthala kwambiri zomwe sizingatulutsidwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zopopera, jakisoni wa nthunzi kuti kutentha kubwezeretsedwe ndikofunikira. Kuti kukhale kothandiza pakubwezeretsa kutentha, ma surfactants ndi ofunikira. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndi kulowetsa thovu m'chitsime cholowetsa nthunzi—makamaka, zinthu zothira thovu zomwe sizimatentha kwambiri pamodzi ndi mpweya wosazizira.
Zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito thovu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, ndi sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yapamwamba komanso kukhazikika motsutsana ndi ma acid, maziko, mpweya, kutentha, ndi mafuta, ma surfactants okhala ndi fluorinated ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zogwiritsa ntchito thovu kutentha kwambiri.
Pofuna kuti mafuta omwazika azitha kudutsa m'kati mwa mphuno kapena kuti mafuta omwe ali pamwamba pa mphuno akhale osavuta kuwachotsa, ma surfactants omwe amadziwika kuti thin-film spreading agents amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi ma oxalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.
2. Zopangira mafuta ofufutira pogwiritsa ntchito sera
Kuchotsa mafuta osaphika ngati sera kumafuna kupewa ndi kuchotsa sera nthawi zonse. Mankhwala opangira sera amagwira ntchito ngati zoletsa sera komanso ngati zotulutsa parafini.
Pakuletsa sera, pali ma surfactants osungunuka ndi mafuta (omwe amasintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa makristalo a sera) ndi ma surfactants osungunuka ndi madzi (omwe amasintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa sera monga machubu, ndodo zokoka, ndi zida). Ma surfactants osungunuka ndi mafuta ambiri amaphatikizapo petroleum sulfonates ndi ma surfactants amtundu wa amine. Zosankha zosungunuka ndi madzi zimaphatikizapo sodium alkyl sulfonate, quaternary ammonium salts, alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic polyoxyethylene ethers, ndi zotumphukira zawo za sodium sulfonate.
Pochotsa parafini, ma surfactants amagawidwanso m'magulu a mafuta osungunuka (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta ochotsa parafini) ndi madzi osungunuka (monga sulfonate-type, quaternary ammonium-type, polyether-type, Tween-type, OP-type surfactants, ndi sulfate/sulfonated PEG-type kapena OP-type surfactants).
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, machitidwe am'dziko ndi apadziko lonse lapansi aphatikiza njira zopewera ndi kuchotsa sera, kuphatikiza zochotsa mafuta ndi madzi kukhala zosakaniza za paraffin. Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito ma hydrocarbons onunkhira ngati gawo la mafuta ndi zosakaniza zokhala ndi mphamvu zosungunulira paraffin ngati gawo la madzi. Pamene emulsifier ili ndi malo oyenera amtambo (kutentha komwe imakhala mitambo), imachotsa mulsion pansi pa malo osungira sera, ndikutulutsa zigawo zonse ziwiri kuti zigwire ntchito nthawi imodzi.
3. Zopangira mafuta oundana
Pobwezeretsa mafuta oyambira ndi achiwiri, zinthu zochotsera mafuta m'madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mibadwo itatu ya zinthu zapangidwa:
1. Mbadwo woyamba: Carboxylates, sulfates, ndi sulfonates.
2. Mbadwo wachiwiri: Ma surfactants osapanga mamolekyulu ochepa (monga OP, PEG, ndi mafuta a castor opangidwa ndi sulfonated).
3. M'badwo wachitatu: Ma surfactants osagwiritsa ntchito mamolekyulu ambiri olemera.
Mu kuchira kwachiwiri kwa gawo lomaliza ndi kuchira kwachitatu, mafuta osakonzedwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati ma emulsions amadzi mu mafuta. Ma demulsifiers amagawidwa m'magulu anayi:
·Mchere wa ammonium wa Quaternary (monga tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), womwe umachita ndi ma emulsifier anionic kuti usinthe HLB yawo (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) kapena umalowa mu tinthu ta dongo tonyowa ndi madzi, zomwe zimasintha kunyowa.
· Anionic surfactants (yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati emulsifiers yamafuta m'madzi) ndi nonionic surfactants yosungunuka m'mafuta, komanso yothandiza poswa emulsions yamadzi m'mafuta.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-17-2025