1.Ma Surfactants a Kutulutsa Mafuta Olemera
Chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso kusayenda bwino kwa mafuta olemera, kuchotsa kwake kumabweretsa zovuta zazikulu. Kuti apezenso mafuta olemera ngati amenewa, mankhwala amadzimadzi a surfactants nthawi zina amabayidwa m'chitsime kuti asinthe mafuta owoneka bwino kwambiri kukhala emulsion yamafuta am'madzi otsika, omwe amatha kupopera pamwamba.
Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yochepetsera mafuta olemetsa komanso kutsika kwa viscosity ndi monga sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, ndi sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl sulfate ether.
The yotengedwa mafuta-mu-madzi emulsion amafuna kulekanitsa madzi, amene surfactants mafakitale amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati demulsifiers. Ma demulsifiers awa ndi ma emulsifiers amadzi mumafuta. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo cationic surfactants kapena naphthenic acids, asphaltic acid, ndi mchere wawo wa polyvalent.
Makamaka ma viscous crudes omwe sangathe kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopopera wamba, jekeseni wa nthunzi kuti muchiritse matenthedwe amafunikira. Kuti muwonjezere kuchira kwamafuta, ma surfactants amafunikira. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndiyo kubaya thovu m'chitsime cha jekeseni wa nthunzi-makamaka, zinthu zotulutsa thovu zosatentha kwambiri pamodzi ndi mpweya wosasunthika.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa thovu ndi monga alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, ndi sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers. Chifukwa cha zochita zawo zapamwamba komanso kusasunthika motsutsana ndi ma acid, maziko, okosijeni, kutentha, ndi mafuta, ma fluorinated surfactants ndi abwino kwambiri otulutsa thovu.
Pofuna kuyendetsa mafuta omwazika kudzera mu pore-throat mapangidwe apangidwe kapena kupanga mafuta pamtunda wosavuta kusuntha, ma surfactants omwe amadziwika kuti thin-film spreading agents amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi oxyalkylated phenolic resin polima surfactants.
2.Ma Surfactants kwa Waxy Crude Oil Extraction
Kuchotsa mafuta a waxy kumafuna kupewa ndi kuchotsa sera nthawi zonse. Ma Surfactants amagwira ntchito ngati zoletsa sera komanso zotulutsa parafini.
Poletsa sera, pali zinthu zosungunuka zosungunuka ndi mafuta (zomwe zimasintha mawonekedwe a phula) komanso zosungunula m'madzi (zomwe zimasintha mawonekedwe a malo oyika sera ngati machubu, ndodo zoyamwa, ndi zida). Mafuta osungunuka osungunuka amaphatikizapo petroleum sulfonates ndi ma surfactants amtundu wa amine. Njira zosungunuka m'madzi ndi monga sodium alkyl sulfonate, quaternary ammonium salt, alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic polyoxyethylene ethers, ndi zotumphukira zake za sodium sulfonate.
Pakuti parafini kuchotsa, surfactants nawonso m'gulu la mafuta sungunuka (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta opangidwa ndi parafini ochotsa) ndi madzi sungunuka (monga sulfonate-mtundu, quaternary ammonium-mtundu, polyether-mtundu, pakati-mtundu, OP-mtundu surfactants, ndi sulfate/sulfactants OP-mtundu surfonated PEG-mtundu).
M'zaka zaposachedwa, ntchito zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi zaphatikizira kupewa ndi kuchotsa sera, kuphatikiza zochotsa mafuta ndi madzi m'malo osakanizidwa a parafini. Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito ma hydrocarbons onunkhira ngati gawo lamafuta ndi zopangira ma emulsifiers okhala ndi paraffin-kusungunuka ngati gawo lamadzi. Emulsifier ikakhala ndi malo oyenera amtambo (kutentha komwe kumakhala mitambo), imatsitsa pansi pa malo oyika sera, ndikumasula zigawo zonse ziwiri kuti zigwire ntchito nthawi imodzi.
3.Ma Surfactants for Crude Oil Dehydration
Pakubwezeretsa mafuta oyambira ndi achiwiri, mafuta opaka m'madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mibadwo itatu yazinthu zapangidwa:
1. Mbadwo woyamba: Carboxylates, sulfates, ndi sulfonates.
2. Mbadwo wachiwiri: Otsika-molecular-weight nonionic surfactants (mwachitsanzo, OP, PEG, ndi sulfonated castor oil).
3. M'badwo wachitatu: Ma surfactants olemera kwambiri a molecular-weight nonionic.
Pakuchira mochedwa kwachiwiri komanso kuchira kwapamwamba, mafuta osapsa nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati emulsion yamadzi mumafuta. Ma demulsifiers amagawidwa m'magulu anayi:
·Mchere wa Quaternary ammonium (mwachitsanzo, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anionic emulsifiers kusintha HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) kapena kusungunula ku tinthu tadongo tonyowa ndi madzi, kusintha kunyowa.
·Anionic surfactants (amachita ngati mafuta opangira madzi m'madzi) ndi mafuta osungunuka a nonionic surfactants, omwe amagwiranso ntchito kuswa ma emulsions amadzi-mu-mafuta.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-17-2025