1.Ibikoresho byo gukuramo amavuta aremereye
Bitewe n'ubukonje bwinshi n'amazi mabi y'amavuta aremereye, kuyakuramo bitera ibibazo bikomeye. Kugirango ugarure ayo mavuta aremereye, umuti wamazi wamazi ya surfactants rimwe na rimwe aterwa mumariba kugirango ahindure amavuta yibyibushye cyane ahindurwe amavuta make-mumazi-mumazi, ashobora guhita apompa hejuru.
Surfactants zikoreshwa muri ubu buryo bukomeye bwa emulisation hamwe no kugabanya ubukonje burimo sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcool ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, na sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcool ether sulfate.
Amavuta yakuwe mumazi-mumazi bisaba gutandukanya amazi, kubwibyo inganda zikora inganda nazo zikoreshwa nka demulifiseri. Izi demulifiseri ni amazi-y-amavuta. Mubisanzwe bikoreshwa harimo cactic surfactants cyangwa acide naphthenic, acide asifaltike, hamwe numunyu wibyuma bya polyvalent.
Kubireba cyane ibishishwa bidashobora gukururwa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvoma, birasabwa gutera inshinge kugirango isubirane ubushyuhe. Kugirango uzamure neza ubushyuhe bwumuriro, surfactants zirakenewe. Bumwe mu buryo busanzwe ni ugutera ifuro mu gutera inshinge neza - cyane cyane imiti irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe na gaze zidahinduka.
Ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane birimo ifuro ya alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, peteroli sulfonate, sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcool ethers, na sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers. Bitewe nibikorwa byabo byo hejuru kandi bihamye birwanya acide, shingiro, ogisijeni, ubushyuhe, namavuta, florine surfactants nibintu byiza byubushyuhe bwo hejuru.
Kugirango boroherezwe kunyura amavuta yatatanye binyuze mumyenge yo mu muhogo yo gushinga cyangwa gukora amavuta hejuru yimiterere byoroshye kuyimura, hakoreshwa ibintu byitwa surfactants bizwi nka firime ikwirakwiza. Urugero rusanzwe ni oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.
2.Ibikoresho byo gukuramo amavuta ya Waxy
Gukuramo amavuta ya shashara bisaba gukumira ibishashara no kuyikuraho. Surfactants ikora ibishashara byombi hamwe na paraffin ikwirakwiza.
Kubuza ibishashara, hariho amavuta-yogukoresha amavuta (ahindura imiterere yubuso bwa kristu ya shashara) hamwe na surfactants zishonga amazi (zihindura imiterere yimiterere yibishashara nkibishishwa, inkoni zonsa, nibikoresho). Amavuta asanzwe akuramo amavuta arimo peteroli sulfonate hamwe nubwoko bwa amine. Amazi ashonga mumazi arimo sodium alkyl sulfonate, umunyu wa kane wa amonium, umunyu wa alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic polyoxyethylene ethers, nibikomoka kuri sodium sulfonate.
Kugira ngo paraffine ikurweho, surfactants nazo zishyirwa mu gushiramo amavuta (ikoreshwa mu kuvanaho paraffine ishingiye ku mavuta) no gushonga amazi (nk'ubwoko bwa sulfonate, ubwoko bwa amonium ya quaternary, ubwoko bwa polyether, ubwoko bwa Tween, ubwoko bwa OP, na sulfate / sulfone ya PEG cyangwa ubwoko bwa OP).
Mu myaka yashize, ibikorwa by’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga byahurije hamwe gukumira no kuvanaho ibishashara, bihuza ibiva mu mavuta n’ibikomoka ku mazi mu gukwirakwiza imiti ya paraffine. Ibi bifashisha hydrocarbone ya aromatiya nkicyiciro cyamavuta hamwe na emulisiferi ifite paraffine-yashonga nkicyiciro cyamazi. Iyo emulifiyeri ifite igicu gikwiye (ubushyuhe buba igicu), iramanuka munsi yumwanya wibishashara, irekura ibice byombi kugirango ikore icyarimwe.
3.Ibikoresho byo kubura amavuta ya peteroli
Mugusubirana amavuta yibanze nayisumbuye, amavuta-mumazi yamashanyarazi akoreshwa cyane. Ibisekuru bitatu byibicuruzwa byatejwe imbere:
1.Igisekuru cya mbere: Carboxylates, sulfate, na sulfonate.
2.Isekuru ya kabiri: Ibice bike-bifite uburemere buke bwa nonionic surfactants (urugero, OP, PEG, n'amavuta ya castor sulfonated).
3.Igisekuru cya gatatu: Ibice byinshi-bifite uburemere buke butagaragara.
Mugihe cyanyuma cyo gukira kwa kabiri no gukira kwa gatatu, amavuta ya peteroli akenshi abaho nkamazi-y-amavuta. Imyiyerekano iri mu byiciro bine:
· Umunyu wa Quaternary ammonium (urugero, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), ifata hamwe na emulisiferi ya anionic kugirango ihindure HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) cyangwa adsorb kubice byibumba bitose byamazi, bihindura amazi.
· Anionic surfactants (ikora nka emulisiferi yamavuta-mumazi) hamwe nubushakashatsi bwamavuta-nonionic surfactants, nabyo bigira akamaro mukumena amazi-mumavuta.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-17-2025