1.Ibintu bikoreshwa mu gucukura amavuta menshi
Bitewe n’ubushyuhe bwinshi n’amazi make y’amavuta akomeye, kuyakuramo bitera imbogamizi zikomeye. Kugira ngo ayo mavuta aremereye agaruzwe, hari igihe umuti w’amazi w’ibinyabutabire ushyirwa mu mwobo kugira ngo uhindure amavuta akomeye cyane mo emulsion y’amavuta mu mazi make, hanyuma agashobora kuvomwa hejuru.
Ibintu bikoreshwa muri ubu buryo bwo gukurura amavuta menshi no kugabanya ubukana birimo sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, na sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate.
Emulsion y'amavuta avanwa mu mazi isaba gutandukanya amazi, aho surfactants zo mu nganda nazo zikoreshwa nk'inyunganizi. Izi demulsifiers ni emulsifiers zo mu mazi. Izikunze gukoreshwa zirimo surfactants za cationic cyangwa aside naphthenic, aside asphaltic, n'umunyu wazo wa polyvalent metal.
Ku bintu by’ubushyuhe cyane cyane bitoroshye gukurwamo hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvoma, hakenewe gutera umwuka kugira ngo ubushyuhe bugaruke. Kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo kongera ubushyuhe, hakenewe imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura ubushyuhe. Uburyo bumwe busanzwe ni ugutera ifuro mu gikoresho cy’umwuka—cyane cyane, imiti itera ifuro idashyuha cyane hamwe n’imyuka idakonjesha.
Ibintu bikunze gukoreshwa mu gufuro birimo alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, peteroli sulfonates, sulfonates polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, na sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers. Bitewe n'imikorere yabyo yo hejuru no kudahungabana mu guhangana na aside, bases, ogisijeni, ubushyuhe n'amavuta, surfactants za fluorine ni ibintu byiza cyane bifuro mu bushyuhe bwinshi.
Kugira ngo amavuta yatatanye anyure mu miterere y’umuyoboro w’ibumba cyangwa kugira ngo amavuta ari ku buso bw’ibumba byorohe kuyikuraho, hakoreshwa imiti ikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza ibintu bizwi nka thin-film. Urugero rusanzwe ni imiti ikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza ibintu ikoresheje oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.
2.Ibintu byo gukurura amavuta y'ibinure bya Waxy
Gukuramo amavuta y’ibishishwa asa n’ibishishwa bisaba kwirinda no gukuraho ibishishwa buri gihe. Ibishishwa bya surfactants bikora nk'ibibuza ibishishwa ndetse n'ibikwirakwiza parafini.
Ku bijyanye no gukumira irangi ry'ibishishwa, hari ibintu bishongesha amavuta (bihindura imiterere y'ubuso bwa kristu z'ibishishwa) n'ibintu bishongesha amazi (bihindura imiterere y'ubuso buterwa n'ibishishwa nk'imiyoboro, inkoni zo gusukura, n'ibikoresho). Ibintu bishongesha amavuta bisanzwe birimo sulfonates za peteroli na surfactants zo mu bwoko bwa amine. Ibintu bishongesha amazi birimo sodium alkyl sulfonate, umunyu wa quaternary ammonium, alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic polyoxyethylene ethers, hamwe n'ibikomoka kuri sodium sulfonate.
Mu gukuraho parafini, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura irashyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: imiti ishongesha amavuta (ikoreshwa mu bikoresho bikuraho parafini bishingiye ku mavuta) n'imiti ishongesha amazi (nk'imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini ishingiye ku mavuta), imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura irangirika mu mazi (nk'imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini ishingiye ku mavuta), imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini ishingiye ku mavuta, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini ikoresheje amazi, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini ikoresheje sulfonate, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini ikoresheje quaternary, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini ikoresheje poliether, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura parafini ikoresheje sulfonate ...
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ibikorwa byo mu gihugu no mu mahanga byashyize hamwe uburyo bwo gukumira no gukuraho ibishishwa by'ibishishwa, bihuza ibishishwa bishingiye ku mavuta n'ibishishwa mu mazi n'ibishishwa by'ibishishwa bya parafini. Ibi bikoresha hydrocarbons zihumura neza nk'igice cy'amavuta n'ibishishwa bifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga parafini nk'igice cy'amazi. Iyo ishishwa ry'ibishishwa rifite ahantu hakwiye ho gushonga (ubushyuhe aho riba ryuzuye), rikuraho ibishishwa munsi y'agace gashyirwamo ishishwa ry'ibishishwa, rigatanga ibice byombi gukora icyarimwe.
3.Ibintu bifasha mu kugabanya amazi mu mavuta mabi
Mu kugarura amavuta y’ibanze n’ay’inyongera, ibikoresho byo gukuramo amavuta mu mazi ni byo bikoreshwa cyane. Ibisekuru bitatu by’ibicuruzwa byakozwe:
1. Inkomoko ya mbere: Karubokisilate, sulfate, na sulfonate.
2. Igisata cya kabiri: Surfactants zitari ionic zifite uburemere buke bwa molekile (urugero, OP, PEG, n'amavuta ya castor akozwe muri sulfonate).
3. Igisata cya gatatu: Surfactants zidafite ionic zifite uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile.
Mu gihe cyo kugarura amavuta mu cyiciro cya nyuma no mu gihe cyo kugarura amavuta mu cyiciro cya gatatu, amavuta asanzwe akunze kuboneka nk'amavuta akoreshwa mu gusuka amavuta mu mazi. Amavuta akoreshwa mu gusuka amavuta agabanyijemo ibice bine:
·Umunyu wa ammonium wa Quaternary (urugero: tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), bigira ingaruka hamwe na anionic emulsifiers kugira ngo bihindure HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) cyangwa byinjire ku duce tw'ibumba dutose mu mazi, bigahindura uburyo bwo kumena.
·Anionic surfactants (ikora nk'ibinyabutabire biva mu mavuta) n'ibinyabutabire bishongesha amavuta bitari ionic, kandi bigira akamaro mu gusenya emulsions ziva mu mazi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 17 Nzeri 2025