1 Manatu mo le Fa'atulagaina o Mea Fa'amama e Fa'avae i le Vai
1.1 Filifiliga o Faiga
E mafai ona vaevaeina faiga fa'amamā masani e fa'aaoga ai le vai i ni ituaiga se tolu: neutral, acidic, ma alkaline.
O vaila'au fa'amamā e le afaina ai le siosiomaga e fa'aaogaina tele i nofoaga e le tete'e atu i 'āsi ma alkali. O le faiga o le fa'amamāina e fa'aaogaina tele ai le tu'ufa'atasia o mea fa'amamā ma mea e fa'amamā ai e aveese ai le palapala mai luga o mea e fa'apipi'i i ai.
O le fa'amamāina oona e masani ona fa'aaogaina mo le aveeseina o le ele ma le aveeseina o le oxide scale o u'amea. E le tele ni mea fa'aopoopo e maua i lalo o tulaga acidic. O le fa'amamāina oona e fa'aaogaina tele ai le tali atu i le va o le acid ma le ele po'o le oxide scale i luga o le u'amea e sae ese ai le palapala. I le taimi lava e tasi, o mea fa'aopoopo ma mea fa'aopoopo e fa'aaogaina e fa'apala ma fa'asalalau ai le palapala ua fa'amamāina ina ia ausia ai le fa'amoemoega o le fa'amamāina. O acids e masani ona fa'aaogaina e aofia ai le nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, boric acid, ma isi. O le fa'amamāina alkaline e sili ona fa'aaogaina i le fa'amamāina o fale gaosi oloa. Talu ai ona e mafai e le alkali lava ia ona fa'asusuina suau'u fuala'au e fausia ai ni mea hydrophilic saponified, e matua talafeagai lava mo le fa'amamāina o ila o le suau'u. O alkalis e masani ona fa'aaogaina e aofia ai le NaOH, KOH, sodium carbonate, vai ammonia, alkanolamines, ma isi.
1.2 Filifiliga o Fesoasoani
I le fa'amamāina o fale gaosi oloa, matou te fa'asino i mea fa'aopoopo e aoga mo aafiaga fa'amamāina o ni mea fa'aopoopo fa'amamā, e aofia ai mea e fa'asalalau ai chelating, mea e taofia ai le 'ele'ele, mea e fa'amamā ai foam, vaila'au e fa'amamā ai fungicides, vaila'au e fa'amamā ai enzyme, mea e fa'amautu ai le pH, ma isi mea fa'apena. O mea fa'aopoopo e masani ona fa'aaogaina e vaevaeina i vaega nei:
Mea e fa'asalalau ai le chelating: phosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate, ma isi), organic phosphates (ATMP, HEDP, EDTMP, ma isi), alkanolamines (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, ma isi), amino carboxylates (NTA, EDTA, ma isi), hydroxyl carboxylates (citrates, tartrates, gluconates, ma isi), polyacrylic acid ma ona mea e maua mai ai (maleic-acrylic copolymer), ma isi;
Mea e taofia ai le 'ele'ele: ituaiga ata tifaga 'oxide' (chromates, nitrites, molybdates, tungstates, borates, ma isi), ituaiga ata tifaga e fa'aputu ai le vai (phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, ma isi), ituaiga ata tifaga e fa'asusu ai le 'ava malosi (silicates, organic amines, organic carboxylic acids, petroleum sulfonates, thiourea, urotropine, imidazoles, thiazoles, benzotriazoles, ma isi);
Mea e aveese ai le foamers: organosilicon, polyether modified organosilicon, silicon-free defoamers, ma isi.
1.3 Filifiliga o Surfactants
E taua tele le sao o surfactants i le fa'amamāina o le suāuu i fale gaosi oloa. E mafai ona latou fa'aitiitia le mamafa o le fogāeleele o le faiga, fa'aleleia atili le sosolo o le oloa, ma fa'ataga ai le vaila'au fa'amamā e vave ona sosolo i totonu o le palapala. E iai fo'i lo latou aafiaga e fa'asalalau ma fa'apala ai ila o le suāuu ua uma ona fa'amamāina.
O vailaʻau faʻasaina e masani ona faʻaaogaina e vaevaeina i ni vaega nei:
E lē o ni ionic: alkylphenol ethoxylates (NP/OP/ TX series), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (AEO series), isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (XL/XP/TO series), secondary alcohol ethoxylates (SAEO series), polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether series (PE/RPE series), alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, polyoxyethylene ether capped series, fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), acetylenic diol ethoxylates, alkyl glycosides series, ma isi;
Anionic: sulfonates (alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, α-olefin sulfonates AOS, alkyl sulfonates SAS, succinate sulfonates OT, fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, ma isi), sulfate esters (K12, AES, ma isi), phosphate esters (alkyl phosphates, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, ma isi), carboxylates (gatty acid salts, ma isi);
Cationic: masima ammonium quaternary (1631, 1231, ma isi);
Amphoteric ions: betaines (BS, CAB, ma isi), amino acids; ammonium oxides (OB, ma isi), imidazolines.
Taimi na lafoina ai: Ianuari-16-2026