Ipropati yokuhlamba impahlaizinto ezibangela ukudumbaluphawu oluphambili olunika ii-surfactants usetyenziso lwazo olukhulu. Lubandakanyeka kubomi bemihla ngemihla bamawaka emizi kwaye lusetyenziswa ngakumbi kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso yemizi-mveliso.
Isiphumo sokungashukumiii-Surfactants
Iifayibha, iiplastiki kunye nezinye iimveliso zihlala zivelisa umbane ongashukumiyo ngenxa yokungqubana, nto leyo ephazamisa ukusebenza kwazo. Umzekelo, amalaphu efayibha aneetshaji ezingashukumiyo ahlala ejongene neengxaki ezifana nokunamathela emzimbeni, ukunamathela okungashukumiyo, kunye nokuthambekela kokufunxa uthuli kunye nokungcola. Imiphumo emibi yombane ongashukumiyo kwiimveliso zeplastiki imbi nangakumbi. Iimveliso zeplastiki ezitshajiweyo ezingashukumiyo azigcini nje ngokufunxa uthuli ngokulula, nto leyo eyonakalisa ukucaca, ukucoceka komphezulu kunye nenkangeleko yeemveliso, kodwa ikwanciphisa ukusebenza kwazo kwenkonzo kunye nexabiso.
Ukuphelisa ezi ziganeko zingashukumiyo, indlela ye-surfactant antistatic iyasetyenziswa kakhulu okwangoku. Ezi surfactants zaziwa njengee-antistatic agents.
Icandelo 1 Izinto Ezingaguqukiyo Nezizathu Zazo
Nangona kukho ukungangqinelani okuthile kwiziphumo zolandelelwano lokufakelwa kombane kwiifayibha ezifunyenwe ngabavavanyi abahlukeneyo, iifayibha ezineebhondi ze-amide ezifana noboya, i-nylon kunye noboya bokwenziwa zihlala zithwala iitshaja ezilungileyo. Imeko yokufakelwa kombane kwiiplastiki eziqhelekileyo iboniswe kwiTheyibhile 10.‑2. Uluhlu lokufakelwa kombane kwezinto eziqhelekileyo ukusuka kwizinto ezilungileyo ukuya kwezingalunganga ludweliswe ngezantsi:
(+) I-Polyurethane–Iinwele–Inayiloni–Uboya–Isilika–Ifayibha yeViscose–Umqhaphu–Irabha eqinileyo–Ifayibha ye-acetate yeseli–IVylilon–I-Polypropylene–I-Polyester–I-Polyacrylonitrile–I-Polyvinyl chloride–I-copolymer ye-vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile–I-Polyethylene–I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (-).
Indlela echanekileyo yokuvelisa umbane ongashukumiyo ayiqondakali ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kukho ukuvumelana ukuba umbane ongashukumiyo uvela kwiitshaja ezihambayo eziveliswa phakathi kwezinto xa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto zigudlana. Uhlobo lwetshaja oluthwalwa yinto lumiselwa kukufumana okanye ukulahleka kwee-elektroni. Into iba netshaja eyakhayo xa ilahlekelwa zii-elektroni kwaye itshaja kakubi xa ifumana ii-elektroni.
Icandelo 2 Iiarhente Ezingashukumiyo
Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokususa umbane ongashukumiyo:
(1) Iindlela ezibonakalayo. Ekubeni ubukhulu bombane ongashukumiyo buchaphazeleka bubushushu kunye nokufuma, iindlela ezibonakalayo ezifana nokulungisa ubushushu kunye nokufuma kunye nokukhupha i-corona zingasetyenziselwa ukususa umbane ongashukumiyo phezu kwezinto.
(2) Iindlela zeekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ngaphezulu komhlaba, oko kukuthi, ukusebenzisa ii-surfactants (ezikwabizwa ngokuba zii-antistatic agents) ukwenza unyango lomphezulu kwiimveliso zefayibha kunye neplastiki okanye ukuzixuba zibe ziiplastiki ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokususwa kwe-static.
1. Iiarhente zokungashukumi kweeFiber
Iimpawu ezifunekayo zee-antistatic agents:
(1) Musa ukutshintsha indlela ezivakala ngayo iifayibha ngesandla; (2) Ukusebenza kakuhle kokungashukumi kakuhle kunye nedosi ephantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi; (3) Ukuhambelana kakuhle neefayibha ze-resin; (4) Ukuhambelana okuhle nezinye izinto ezincedisayo; (5) Akukho gwebu kwaye akukho kwakheka kwamabala amanzi; (6) Ayinatyhefu kwaye ayicaphukisi ulusu; (7) Gcina uzinzo oluhle.
Iintlobo zee-antistatic agents
Iintlobo eziphambili zee-antistatic agents ezisetyenziselwa iifayibha zii-cationic kunye nee-amphoteric surfactants.
Indlela yokusebenza kwee-antistatic agents
Indlela yokungashukumi kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-fiber antistatic ibonakala kakhulu kwiinkalo ezimbini: ukuthintela ukuveliswa kwezinto ezingashukumiyo xa amalaphu e-fiber ehlaselwa kukungqubana kunye nokwenza kube lula ukusasazeka kwee-surface charges. Ukuthintela ukufakelwa kombane okungqubanayo kunxulumene kakhulu nolwakhiwo lwe-surfactants, ngelixa ukusasazeka kwee-surface charges kunxulunyaniswa namandla okufunxa kunye ne-hygroscopicity yee-surfactants kumalaphu e-fiber.
Ii-surfactants ze-cationic zinokufunxa lula kwiindawo zefayibha ezitshajwe kakubi ngee-positive charges zazo.
①Zinganciphisa iindleko zomphezulu weefayibha;
②Ii-surfactants ze-cationic zifunxa kwiindawo zefayibha kwindawo apho ii-ion ze-quaternary ammonium ezitshajiweyo kakuhle zinamathela kumphezulu wefayibha kwaye ii-hydrocarbon chains ze-hydrophobic zijonge ngaphandle, zenze ifilimu ye-adsorption ejoliswe kwi-oriented eyenziwe zii-hydrocarbon chains kumphezulu wefayibha. Le filimu ye-adsorption inokunciphisa ngempumelelo ukufunxa kumphezulu wefayibha ngexesha lokufunxa kwaye yenze buthathaka umbane we-frictional.
Kwimicu yokwenziwa ene-polarity ephantsi kunye ne-hydrophobicity enamandla, ii-surfactants ze-cationic zifunxa kwiindawo zefayibha ngokusebenzisa amandla e-van der Waals ngemixokelelwane yazo ye-hydrophobic hydrocarbon, ngelixa amaqela e-polar quaternary ammonium ejongene ngaphandle. Ngoko ke umphezulu wefayibha ugutyungelwe ngamaqela e-polar e-hydrophilic, angaphuculi kuphela ukuqhuba komphezulu wefayibha kodwa akwanyusa nokufuma komphezulu wawo, okwenza kube lula ukusasazwa kombane ongashukumiyo oveliswa kukungqubana kwaye kunikezele ngeziphumo ze-antistatic.
Umthamo wokufunxa we-dioctadecyl ammonium chloride kwiindawo zefayibha yendalo uphezulu kakhulu kunalowo ukwifayibha zokwenziwa, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iphumelela ngcono kwifayibha yendalo.
Njenge-cationic surfactants, ii-amphoteric surfactants zithwala ii-positive charges kwaye zinokufunxa kwiindawo ze-fiber ezitshajwe kakubi ukuze zinciphise ii-static charges. Amaqela azo e-hydrophobic nawo anciphisa ukungqubana. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-cationic surfactants, ii-amphoteric surfactants zineqela elongezelelweyo le-anionic kwisakhiwo sazo se-molecular, elivumela ukugcinwa okungcono komswakama kunye nokuchithwa kwe-charge. Ke ngoko, ii-amphoteric surfactants zii-antistatic agents ezisebenza kakuhle, nangona ixabiso liphezulu.
Ii-surfactants ze-anionic kunye ne-nonionic zibonisa ukusebenza kakubi kwe-antistatic ngenxa yokuba zinamandla aphantsi okufunxa kwiindawo zefayibha. Ubungakanani bokufunxa kwee-surfactants ze-nonionic abuchaphazeleki yi-surface charge yeefayibha kwaye buphezulu kune-anionic surfactants, kodwa zinefuthe elibuthathaka ekuchithekeni kwe-static. Ngenxa yoko amandla azo e-antistatic aphantsi kakhulu kunalawo e-cationic kunye ne-amphoteric surfactants.
2. Izinto ezithintela ukushukuma kweplastiki
Indlela yokusebenza ye-surfactants engashukumiyo esetyenziswa njengee-arhente zeplastiki ezingashukumiyo yile ilandelayo: ii-surfactants zifunxa kwiindawo zeplastiki ngemixokelelwane yazo ye-hydrocarbon engashukumiyo ngokusebenzisa amandla e-van der Waals, kunye namaqela e-polar aphuma ngaphandle. Ifilimu ye-adsorption ejolise ngqo kwi-surfactants yakheka kumphezulu weplastiki ukubonelela nge-conductivity, evumela ukuba ii-static charges ziphele ngokufanelekileyo. Okwangoku, ifilimu ye-adsorption inokunciphisa ukungqubana kwiindawo zeplastiki.
Uhlu lwee-arhente zeplastiki ezichasene ne-static ngohlobo lwe-surfactant:
(2) Uhlobo lweCationic;
(3) Uhlobo lwe-amphoteric;
(4) Uhlobo olungelulo olwe-ionic.
Izinto ezilwa ne-antistatic zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini ngokwendlela yokusetyenziswa:
(1) Iiarhente ezichasene nokumelana nomphezulu;
(2) Izinto ezilwa nokumelana ne-static agents.
Ixesha leposi: Oktobha-10-2026