Iingcamango ezi-1 zoYilo lweMichiza yeearhente zokucoca ezisebenzisa amanzi
1.1 Ukukhethwa kweeNkqubo
Iinkqubo zokucoca ezisetyenziswa emanzini zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu: ezingathathi cala, ezine-asidi, kunye ne-alkaline.
Ii-arhente zokucoca ezingathathi cala zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezingamelaniyo nee-asidi kunye ne-alkalis. Inkqubo yokucoca isebenzisa ikakhulu ukuhlanganiswa kwee-auxiliaries zokucoca kunye nee-surfactants ukuze kususwe ukungcola kumphezulu we-substrates ngokubambisana.
Ukucoca nge-asidi kudla ngokusetyenziselwa ukususa umhlwa kunye nokususa isikali se-oxide kwiintsimbi. Akukho zininzi izincedisi ezikhoyo phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi. Ukucoca nge-asidi kusebenzisa ikakhulu impendulo phakathi kwe-asidi kunye nesikali se-oxide kumphezulu wesinyithi ukukhupha ukungcola. Kwangaxeshanye, izincedisi kunye nee-surfactants zisetyenziselwa ukuxuba nokusasaza ukungcola okucociweyo ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokucoca. Ii-asidi ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka i-nitric acid, i-hydrochloric acid, i-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid, i-citric acid, i-oxalic acid, i-acetic acid, i-methanesulfonic acid, i-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, i-boric acid, njl. Ukucoca nge-alkaline kusetyenziswa kakhulu ekucoceni kwemizi-mveliso. Ngenxa yokuba i-alkaline ngokwayo inokufaka i-saponify kwiioyile zemifuno ukuze zenze izinto ezi-hydrophilic saponified, ifanelekile kakhulu ekucoceni amabala eoyile. Ii-alkaline ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka i-NaOH, i-KOH, i-sodium carbonate, amanzi e-ammonia, ii-alkanolamines, njl.
1.2 Ukukhethwa kweeNcedisi
Ekucoceni kwemizi-mveliso, sibhekisa kwizinto ezongeziweyo eziluncedo kwimiphumo yokucoca njengezinto zokuncedisa ukucoca, eziquka izinto ezisusa ukungcola, izinto ezithintela ukugqwala, izinto ezisusa ukungcola, izinto ezibulala iintsholongwane, izinto ezilungiselela iienzyme, izinto ezigcina i-pH izinzile, njl. Izinto zokuncedisa ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zahlulwe zibe zezi zilandelayo:
Ii-Chelating dispersants: ii-phosphates (i-sodium pyrophosphate, i-sodium tripolyphosphate, i-sodium metaphosphate, i-sodium phosphate, njl.njl.), ii-organic phosphates (i-ATMP, i-HEDP, i-EDTMP, njl.njl.), ii-alkanolamines (i-triethanolamine, i-diethanolamine, i-monoethanolamine, i-isopropanolamine, njl.njl.), ii-amino carboxylates (i-NTA, i-EDTA, njl.njl.), ii-hydroxyl carboxylates (ii-citrate, ii-tartrates, ii-gluconates, njl.njl.), i-polyacrylic acid kunye ne-derivatives yayo (i-maleic-acrylic copolymer), njl.njl.;
Izithinteli zokubola: uhlobo lwefilimu ye-oxide (ii-chromates, ii-nitrites, ii-molybdates, ii-tungstates, ii-borates, njl.njl.), uhlobo lwefilimu yokufudumala (ii-phosphates, ii-carbonates, ii-hydroxides, njl.njl.), uhlobo lwefilimu ye-adsorption (ii-silicates, ii-organic amines, ii-organic carboxylic acids, ii-petroleum sulfonates, i-thiourea, i-urotropine, ii-imidazoles, ii-thiazoles, ii-benzotriazoles, njl.njl.);
Ii-Defoamers: ii-organosilicon, ii-polyether modified organosilicon, ii-defoamers ezingena-silicon, njl.
1.3 Ukukhethwa kweeSurfactants
Ii-surfactants zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekucoceni kwemizi-mveliso. Zinganciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu wenkqubo, ziphucule ukungena kwemveliso, kwaye zivumele isixhobo sokucoca ukuba singene ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi kothuli. Zikwanefuthe lokusasazeka nokuxubha kwibala leoyile elicociweyo.
Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezilandelayo:
Ii-non-ionic: ii-alkylphenol ethoxylates (uthotho lwe-NP/OP/ TX), ii-fatty alcohol ethoxylates (uthotho lwe-AEO), ii-isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (uthotho lwe-XL/XP/TO), ii-secondary alcohol ethoxylates (uthotho lwe-SAEO), ii-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether series (uthotho lwe-PE/RPE), ii-alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, ii-polyoxyethylene ether capped series, ii-fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), ii-fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), ii-acetylenic diol ethoxylates, ii-alkyl glycosides series, njl.njl.;
I-Anionic: ii-sulfonates (ii-alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, ii-α-olefin sulfonates AOS, ii-alkyl sulfonates SAS, ii-succinate sulfonates OT, ii-fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, njl.njl.), ii-sulfate esters (K12, AES, njl.njl.), ii-phosphate esters (ii-alkyl phosphates, ii-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, ii-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, njl.njl.), ii-carboxylates (iityuwa ze-fatty acid, njl.njl.);
I-Cationic: iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary (1631, 1231, njl.njl.);
Ii-amphoteric ions: ii-betaines (BS, CAB, njl.njl.), ii-amino acids; ii-ammonium oxides (OB, njl.njl.), ii-imidazolines.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-16-2026