1. Ii-surfactants zokulinganisa ukuqhekeka
Amanyathelo okuqhekeka adla ngokusetyenziswa kwiindawo zeoyile ezingangenisi manzi kangako. Abandakanya ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo ukuze kwaphuke ukwakheka, ukudala imifantu, uze emva koko uxhase ezi mifantu ngeepropants ukunciphisa ukumelana nokuhamba kolwelo, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa injongo yokwandisa imveliso kunye nokufakwa. Amanye amanzi okuqhekeka ayenziwa kusetyenziswa ii-surfactants njengenye yeenxalenye zazo.
Ii-oyile-in-water fracturing fluids zenziwe ngamanzi, ioyile, kunye nee-emulsifiers. Ii-emulsifiers ezisetyenziswayo ziquka ii-ionic, ii-non-ionic, kunye nee-amphoteric surfactants. Ukuba amanzi aqinileyo asetyenziswa njenge-external phase kunye neoyile njenge-internal phase, i-oyile-in-water fracturing fluid eqinisiweyo (i-polymer emulsion) ingalungiswa. Olu hlobo lwe-fracturing fluid lungasetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-160°C kwaye lunokukhupha ngokuzenzekelayo ii-mulsifiers kwaye lukhuphe ii-fluids.
Iifluid zokuqhekeka kwefoam zezo zinamanzi njengesixhobo sokusasazwa kunye negesi njengesigaba esisasazekileyo. Izinto eziphambili kuzo ngamanzi, igesi, kunye neearhente zokufutha. Ii-alkyl sulfonates, ii-alkyl benzene sulfonates, ii-alkyl sulfate esters, ii-quaternary ammonium salts, kunye nee-surfactants zohlobo lwe-OP zonke zingasetyenziswa njengeearhente zokufutha. Uxinzelelo lweearhente zokufutha emanzini ngokubanzi yi-0.5–2%, kwaye umlinganiselo womthamo wesigaba segesi ukuya kumthamo wefoam ususela kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-0.9.
Ulwelo lokuqhekeka olusekwe kwioyile lwenziwa kusetyenziswa ioyile njenge-solvent okanye i-dispersion medium. Ezona oyile zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwintsimi yioyile ekrwada okanye iinxalenye zayo ezinzima. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo kwe-viscosity-temperature, kufuneka kongezwe ii-sulfonates zepetroleum ezinyibilikayo kwioyile (ezinobunzima be-molecular obuyi-300–750). Ulwelo lokuqhekeka olusekwe kwioyile lukwaquka ulwelo lokuqhekeka olusemanzini kwioyile kunye nolwelo lokuqhekeka lwefoam yeoyile. Olu lokuqala lusebenzisa ii-surfactants ze-anionic ezinyibilikayo kwioyile, ii-surfactants ze-cationic, kunye nee-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic njengeemulsifiers, ngelixa olu lokugqibela lusebenzisa ii-surfactants ze-polymeric ezine-fluorine njenge-foam stabilizers.
Ulwelo lokuqhekeka kwezinto ezisetyenziswa emanzini zii-emulsions okanye ii-foams ezenziwe kusetyenziswa umxube wee-alcohols (ezifana ne-ethylene glycol) kunye neeoyile (ezifana ne-kerosene) njenge-dispersion medium, i-liquid carbon dioxide njenge-dispersed phase, kunye nee-sulfate-esterified polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers njengee-emulsifiers okanye ii-foaming agents, ezisetyenziselwa ukuqhekeka kwezinto ezisetyenziswa emanzini.
Ulwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-fracture acidizing lusebenza njengolwelo lokuqhekeka kunye nolwelo olubangela i-acidizing, olusetyenziswa kwi-carbonate formations apho zombini ezi ndlela zenziwa ngaxeshanye. Ezo zinxulumene ne-surfactants ziquka i-acid foams kunye ne-acid emulsions; eyokuqala isebenzisa i-alkyl sulfonates okanye i-alkyl benzene sulfonates njengee-agents ezikhupha i-foam, ngelixa eyokugqibela isebenzisa i-sulfonate-type surfactants njengee-emulsifiers.
Njengolwelo olubangela i-asidi, ulwelo oluqhekezayo lukwasebenzisa ii-surfactants njenge-demulsifiers, izongezo zokucoca, kunye nezilungisi zokumanzisa, ezingayi kuchazwa apha.
2.Ii-surfactants zokulawula iprofayili kunye neendlela zokuvala amanzi
Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kophuhliso lwezikhukula zamanzi kunye nokuthintela izinga lokunyuka kokunqunyulwa kwamanzi eoli ekrwada, kuyimfuneko ukulungisa iprofayili yokufunxwa kwamanzi kwimingxuma yokujova kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okuvala amanzi kwimingxuma yokujova ukwandisa imveliso. Ezinye zezi ndlela zokulawula iprofayili kunye nokuvala amanzi zihlala zisebenzisa ii-surfactants ezithile. Iarhente yokulawula iprofayili yejeli ye-HPC/SDS ilungiswa ngokuxuba i-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) kunye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) emanzini amatsha. I-Sodium alkyl sulfonate kunye ne-alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride zinyibilika ngokwahlukeneyo emanzini ukulungiselela ulwelo olusebenzayo olubini, olufakwa kwisakhiwo ngokulandelelana. Ulwelo olusebenzayo olubini ludibana kwisakhiwo, luvelisa i-alkyl sulfite precipitates ye-alkyl trimethyl amine, ethintela iileya ezinokungena okuphezulu. I-Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-alkyl aryl sulfonate, njl.njl., zingasetyenziswa njengee-agents ezikhupha amagwebu. Zinyibilika emanzini ukulungiselela ulwelo olusebenzayo, oluthi emva koko lufakwe kwisakhiwo ngolwelo olusebenzayo lwe-carbon dioxide. Oku kwenza igwebu ekwakhiweni (ikakhulu kwiileya ezikwaziyo ukungena kwamanzi amaninzi), okubangela ukuvaleka kunye nokufezekisa isiphumo solawulo lweprofayili. I-surfactant ye-quaternary ammonium salt-type njenge-agent ye-foam iyanyibilika kwi-silicic acid sol elungiselelwe kwi-ammonium sulfate kunye neglasi yamanzi kwaye ifakwe kwi-formation, kulandele ukufakwa kwegesi engenakucondensa (igesi yendalo okanye igesi ye-chlorine). Oku kuqala kuvelisa igwebu elinolwelo njenge-dispersion medium ekwakhiweni, kuze kulandele ii-silicic acid sol gels, okubangela igwebu elinolwelo njenge-dispersion medium, elivimba iileya ezikwaziyo ukungena emanzini amaninzi kwaye lifezekise ulawulo lweprofayili. Ukusebenzisa ii-surfactants zohlobo lwe-sulfonate njengee-agent ze-foam kunye nee-molecules eziphezulu njengee-agents eziqinisayo neziqinisa igwebu, kwaye emva koko ukufaka igesi okanye izinto ezivelisa igesi, igwebu elisekelwe emanzini lenziwa phezu komphezulu okanye kwi-formation. Kwileya yeoyile, inani elikhulu le-surfactant lihamba liye kwi-interface yeoyile namanzi, libangele ukutshatyalaliswa kwegwebu, ukuze lingavimbi umaleko yeoyile kwaye liyi-arhente yokuvula amanzi e-oyile ekhethiweyo. Isixhobo sokufaka amanzi kwisamente esekelwe kwioyile sisixokelelwano sesamente kwioyile. Umphezulu wesamente uyanyibilika emanzini. Xa ingena kumaleko ovelisa amanzi, amanzi asusa ioyile kumphezulu wesamente aze adibane nesamente, nto leyo ebangela ukuba isamente iqine kwaye ivale umaleko ovelisa amanzi. Ukuphucula ukutyibilika kwale arhente yokufaka amanzi, ii-surfactants zohlobo lwe-carboxylate kunye ne-sulfonate zihlala zongezwa. Isixhobo sokufaka amanzi kwi-micellar fluid esisekelwe emanzini sisisombululo se-micellar esenziwe ikakhulu yi-ammonium petroleum sulfonate, ii-hydrocarbons, ii-alcohols, njl. Xa idibana namanzi anetyuwa eninzi ekubunjweni, inokuba krakra ukuze ifezekise isiphumo sokufaka amanzi. Ii-agent zokufaka amanzi kwisisombululo se-cationic surfactant esisekelwe emanzini okanye kwioyile, ezenziwe ikakhulu yi-alkyl carboxylate kunye ne-alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, zifanelekile kuphela kwizakhiwo zesanti. Isixhobo sokufaka amanzi kwioyile enzima esisebenzayo sisixhobo sokufaka amanzi kwioyile enzima esinyibilikiswe ngee-emulsifiers zamanzi kwioyile. Xa idibana namanzi xa ikhula, ivelisa i-emulsion yamanzi kwi-oyile ene-viscosity ephezulu ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokudibanisa amanzi. I-arhente yokudibanisa i-oyile emanzini ilungiswa ngokuhlanganisa i-oyile enzima emanzini kusetyenziswa ii-surfactants ze-cationic njenge-emulsifiers kwi-oyile emanzini.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-08-2026