Intlawulo ye-cationic surfactants ichasene neye-anionic surfactants, ngoko ke i-cationic surfactants idla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ziisepha ezichaseneyo". Ngokwesakhiwo sazo seekhemikhali, zineqela elinye le-long-chain hydrophobic kunye neqela elinye le-positive hydrophilic elihlawuliswe kakuhle. Amaqela e-long-chain hydrophobic ngokubanzi avela kwi-fatty acids okanye kwiikhemikhali zepetroleum, ngoko ke ii-fatty amines zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwi-cationic surfactants. I-Cationic surfactants ayinazo izinto ezithintela ulwelo, kodwa iipropati zazo zokulwa ne-antibacterial kunye nokuhambelana kwazo nokufunxwa kwiindawo eziqinileyo zibonakala kakhulu. Kwizinto zokuthambisa, zihlala zisetyenziswa njenge-hair conditioners, i-fungicides, i-bacteriostats, i-softeners, kunye ne-anti-caries additives, njl.njl.
1. Ityuwa ye-amine enamafutha
Ii-amine ezinamafutha ngokuyintloko ziziseko zendalo. Azitshajwa kwizisombululo ezingathathi cala, azinawo umsebenzi womphezulu we-cationic ngeli xesha, kwaye zi-lipophilic xa i-pH ingaphezulu kwe-7. Iityuwa ze-amine eziphezulu ezifunyenwe ngokunganyamezeli ngee-inorganic okanye ii-organic acids zinyibilika ngokwaneleyo kwaye ziqatshelwa ngokupheleleyo njengee-cationic surfactants ezisebenzayo. Iityuwa zendalo ngokubanzi zinyibilika ngakumbi emanzini kunee-inorganic salts. Azisetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-detergent kunye ne-cleanser formulations.
Ii-cation zetyuwa ye-ammonium ezingezizo ze-quaternary zinovelwano kakhulu kwi-pH, ii-ion ezininzi, kunye nee-electrolytes. Ii-amines ze-ethoxylated, eziveliswa yi-ethoxylation yee-amines ezinamafutha, zii-surfactants ezinokuhambelana nee-surfactants ze-cationic emva kokulungiswa kwe-pH kwaye zine-detergent elungileyo. Xa ii-amines ezinamafutha zingasebenzi nge-salicylic acid okanyeα-chlorobenzoic acid, umsebenzi wazo wokulwa nentsholongwane unokuphuculwa. Iikhompawundi ze-quaternary ammonium phakathi kwama-fatty amines zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-cationic surfactants.
Iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary zizinzile kakuhle kwi-acidic okanye kwi-alkaline media (ngaphantsi kwe-100°C). Ukunyibilika kweetyuwa ze-quaternary ammonium kunxulumene nobude be-alkyl chain; okukhona ikhonkco lide, kokukhona ukunyibilika emanzini kuphantsi. Iityuwa ze-C16-C18 monoalkyl trimethyl quaternary ammonium azinyibiliki kakuhle emanzini, zinyibilika kwi-polar solvents, kwaye azinyibiliki kwi-non-polar solvents. Iityuwa ze-Dialkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium ziyanyibilika kwi-non-polar solvents kwaye azinyibiliki emanzini.
Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo yeetyuwa ze-quaternary ammonium ikwindlela ezifunxa ngayo kwiindawo ezine-negative charge kunye nemiphumo yazo yokubulala iintsholongwane kunye neyokubulala iintsholongwane. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuba ukuhlanganiswa nee-anionic surfactants, ii-oxides, ii-peroxides, ii-silicates, i-silver nitrate, i-sodium citrate, i-sodium tartrate, i-borax, i-kaolin, iiproteni, kunye nezinye iipolymers kunokwenzeka ukuba kunciphise amandla azo okubulala iintsholongwane okanye kubangele ukudumba.
Ukunyibilika kweetyuwa ze-alkyl quaternary ammonium kunxulumene namaqela athanda amanzi; okukhona amaqela athanda amanzi amaninzi, kokukhona ukunyibilika kwamanzi kuphucuka. Inxalenye ye-5% yobunzima be-isopropanol okanye isisombululo samanzi se-10% yobunzima ine-pH ye-6-9. Zinozinzo oluhle lweekhemikhali, ukumelana nokukhanya, ubushushu, ii-asidi ezinamandla, kunye ne-alkalis ezinamandla, kwaye zine-permeability entle, iipropati zokulwa ne-static, iziphumo ze-bactericidal (kunye ne-C12-C16 yeyona isebenzayo), kunye nokuthintela ukugqwala okugqwesileyo. Iityuwa ze-alkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium zinamaqela amabini e-alkyl ende njengeqela le-hydrophobic, zibonisa ukuthamba okuhle, iipropati zokulwa ne-static, amandla athile okubulala iintsholongwane, kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo zokumanzisa kunye nokuxubha. Azicaphukisi kangako kuneetyuwa ze-alkyl trimethyl quaternary ammonium, zibonisa iipropati ze-cationic phantsi kwee-asidi ezibuthathaka, kwaye zenze iikhompawundi ezingezizo ze-ionic phantsi kweemeko ezingathathi cala kunye ne-alkaline.
2. Ityuwa ye-Alkyl imidazoline
I-Alkyl imidazoline yimveliso eyenziwe yi-reaction ye-fatty acids kunye ne-ethylenediamines ezithatyathwe endaweni yayo. I-amide ethylamine iveliswa ngokufudumeza (ngesiqhelo kwi-220~240).℃) iguqulwa ibe yi-alkyl imidazoline.
I-Alkyl imidazoline yi-organic monocyclic tertiary amine kwaye isisiseko esiphakathi. Yi-cationic surfactant eqhelekileyo enokufunxwa ngokuqinileyo kwiindawo ezitshajwe kakubi, ezifana neenwele, ulusu, amazinyo, iglasi, iphepha, imicu, iintsimbi, kunye nezinto eziqulethe i-silicon. Iityuwa ezenziwe ngee-asidi ezinyibilikayo emanzini zihlala zenza ii-gels kumanqanaba aphezulu. Ii-acetates, ii-nicotinate, ii-phosphates, kunye nee-sulfates ziyanyibilika emanzini, ngelixa ii-salt zazo ze-fatty acid ezine-chain ende ziyanyibilika kwi-oyile. Inozinzo oluhle lokugcina phantsi kweemeko zokumelana nokufuma, kodwa iikristale zinokuvela emva kokugcinwa ixesha elide okanye ukugcinwa kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphantsi, kwaye inokubuyela kwimeko efanayo xa ifudunyezwa kwaye ixutywe. Ukudibana namanzi okanye ukufuma kuya kubangela i-hydrolysis kancinci kancinci, itshintshe imisebenzi yayo. Ukufudumeza ixesha elide, nokuba ubushushu bunyukela kwi-165℃, ayizukuchaphazela ukuzinza kwayo, kodwa umbala uza kutshintsha. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ekubeni i-alkyl imidazoline isisiseko esiphakathi, iyacaphukisa kakhulu ulusu namehlo, ngelixa i-alkyl imidazoline salts inciphise kakhulu ukurhawuzelelwa.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-25-2026