Isenzo sesicoci se-surfactants sisixhobo esibalulekileyo esinika ii-surfactants umsebenzi wazo obalulekileyo. Sibandakanyeka kubomi bemihla ngemihla bamawaka emizi. Ngaphezu koko, sisetyenziswa ngakumbi kumashishini ahlukeneyo nakwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemveliso yemizi-mveliso.
Ii-surfactants zezona zithako ziphambili ezisebenzayo kwiisepha; ngaphandle kwee-surfactants, bekungayi kubakho zisepha zokwenziwa. Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo ze-SAA, ii-surfactants ze-anionic zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu, apho imfuno yangoku ingaphezulu kwama-50%. Ii-surfactants ze-anionic ziya kuqhubeka zithatha indawo elawulayo kangangexesha elithile kwixesha elizayo.
1 Ii-Anionic Surfactants
Iindidi ze-anionic surfactants ezisetyenziswa njengeesepha ziquka ii-fatty acid salts (isepha), i-alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), i-fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene sulfates (AES),α-olefin sulfates (AOS), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene carboxylates (AEC), kunye ne-fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES), njl.
1.1 Isepha
Inxalenye esebenzayo kumphezulu weemolekyuli zesepha ine-charge engalunganga, phakathi kwayo i-long carbon chain fatty acid sodium kunye ne-potassium salts zithatha malunga ne-25%. Le sepha isetyenziswa kakhulu ineenzuzo zezinto eziluhlaza ezininzi, ukulungiswa okulula, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. Kwimizi-mveliso, ngokubanzi yenziwe ngamafutha afana ne-beef tallow kunye ne-mutton tallow ngokusebenzisa i-saponification ene-alkali enamandla, ilandelwa kukukhupha ityuwa kunye nokwahlula i-glycerol. Eyona ngxaki yayo inkulu kukuba xa idibana nee-ion zesinyithi ze-divalent kunye ne-trivalent ezifana ne-Ca²⁺, i-Mg²⁺, i-Fe²⁺, njl.njl., kwisisombululo samanzi, iya kwenza isepha ye-calcium okanye isepha ye-magnesium enokunyibilika okuphantsi kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela ilahlekelwe ziimpawu zokucoca ezifanelekileyo zesepha.
1.2I-Alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS)
I-Sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (R-C6H6-SO3Na) sisithambisi esibaluleke kakhulu se-anionic. Sinyibilika kakuhle emanzini kwaye siphantse sayilwa ngokupheleleyo. Iityuwa zayo ze-calcium kunye ne-magnesium zinyibilika kakhulu emanzini, ngoko ke sinokumelana kakuhle namanzi aqinileyo. Phakathi kwe-alkylbenzenesulfonates, i-linear alkylbenzene (LAS) inexabiso eliphantsi, ine-detergent enamandla, ibola lula, kwaye inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho sinye isithambisi esisetyenziswa njengesithako esisebenzayo sesepha esinokulingana ne-LAS ngokwemisebenzi yobugcisa kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho. Idunyiswa lishishini lesepha yokwenziwa yehlabathi njengamandla aphambili ezithambisi zokwenziwa. Isetyenziswa kakhulu njengesepha yokwenziwa kwimizi-mveliso nasekhaya. Iimveliso ezimeleyo: I-Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate inesiphumo esihle kakhulu sokuhlamba, kwaye i-sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate ine-detergent enamandla phakathi kochungechunge lwe-sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate.
1.3i-α-Olefin Sulfonate (AOS)
I-AOS sisithako esisebenzayo esisebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicoci zezandla, kwiishampu, kwiibhafu zamaqamza, kwiisepha zokuhlamba izitya, kwiiarhente zokucoca kwimizi-mveliso, nakwiisepha zokuhlamba impahla.
1.4I-Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)
I-R liqela le-alkyl, kwaye i-R' liqela le-methyl. I-detergent ingcono xa i-R i-C16 kunye ne-C18, kwaye ukumelana namanzi aqinileyo yeyona ilungileyo xa i-R i-C14. I-MES yi-surfactant eyenziwe ngeeoyile zendalo kunye namafutha, enomsebenzi olungileyo wokuhlamba kunye namandla aqinileyo okusasaza isepha-calcium. Ihambelana kakuhle ne-zeolite kwaye ifanelekile ekwenzeni isepha yokuhlamba engena-phosphate. Amandla ayo okusasaza isepha ye-calcium aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo e-LAS, ngoko ke iluncedo ekuvelisweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwesepha edibeneyo kunye nesepha yokuhlamba esekwe kwisepha.
1.5I-Fatty Alcohol Sulfate (AS) kunye ne-Fatty Alcohol Ether Sulfate (AES)
I-AS inefomula eqhelekileyo i-ROSO3Na, apho i-R ingu-C14~C16, kwaye ine-detergent elungileyo; i-AES inefomula eqhelekileyo i-RO(C2H4O)nSO3Na, apho i-R ingu-C14~C15 kunye ne-n=1—2, kwaye ikwanayo ne-detergent elungileyo. Zombini i-AS kunye ne-AES zinokubola kakuhle, zinamandla okucoca, kwaye zineempawu ezintle zokukhupha igwebu. Zifanelekile ukwenza isepha ezine-foam ephezulu. Zifanelekile kwiisepha zoboya ezilula ukuzinyamekela okanye ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiibhafu zamaqamza, iishampu, izinto zokuthambisa, iisepha zokuhlamba izitya ngesandla, iisepha zemifuno, iisepha zasekhaya, njl.njl.
2 Ii-surfactants ezingezizo i-ionic
Ii-surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic zinezinto ezilungileyo zokucoca umhlaba onamafutha kwaye zinamandla okuthintela ukungcoliswa kweefayibha zokwenziwa. Zinokumelana okunamandla kumanzi aqinileyo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwee-electrolytes. Eyona nzuzo inkulu yee-surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic ze-polyoxyethylene kukulungelelaniswa kwezinto ezihlala emanzini kunye nezihlala emanzini. Inani le-EO linokulungiswa ukuze lihambelane neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto, ukuze kufezekiswe eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokucoca.
2.1I-Polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether
Ifomula eqhelekileyo: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, apho i-R = C₁₂~C₁₈ kunye ne-n zihlengahlengiswa. Olu hlobo lwekhompawundi lune-detergent ephezulu, ebonakala kwezi zinto zilandelayo: i-low critical micelle concentration (cmc), oko kuthetha ukuba isenamandla aphezulu okucoca kwiindawo eziphantsi, i-detergent enamandla, kunye neempawu zokulwa nokuguqulwa komhlaba xa ihlamba iifayibha ezenziweyo. Ukongeza, ine-detergent entle yobushushu obuphantsi. Yintlama emhlophe ukuya kwephuzi ekhanyayo kubushushu begumbi. Xa inyibilikisiwe emanzini, ineempawu zokuxuba, zokucoca, kunye nokumanzisa. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zasekhaya nezemizi-mveliso kunye neearhente zokucoca zesinyithi.
2.2I-Polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether
Kwifomyula, i-R ikakhulu ngamaqela e-octyl, nonyl, kunye ne-dodecyl; i-n iyalungiseka. Zibonakaliswa ngamandla okususa amabala eoyile kunye namafutha. Iimveliso ezimeleyo ziquka uthotho lwe-OP, uthotho lwe-OPE, kunye nothotho lwe-SOPE. Iipropati zazo eziphambili kukumelana okunamandla kwi-asidi, ii-alkalis, kunye namanzi aqinileyo, kwaye zisebenza njengeesepha, ii-agents zokumanzisa, ii-emulsifiers zokucubungula isinyithi, kunye nee-agents zokucoca imboni.
2.3I-Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
I-Alkyl glycoside idunyiswa njengohlobo olutsha lwe-surfactant engeyiyo i-ionic ekumgangatho wehlabathi.
Iingenelo ze-APG: 1. Umsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi kakhulu lomphezulu; 2. Akukho ndawo ilifu kunye nozinzo lobushushu obuphezulu; 3. Ukucoca okugqwesileyo, amandla aqinileyo okufutha, iipropati zokumanzisa kunye nokuxubha, kunye nozinzo lokusasazeka; 4. Ingcono kunalo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-surfactant ekhoyo ngokubhekiselele ekungatyisi, ukurhawuzelelwa kancinci kwesikhumba, kunye nokubola kwesikhumba. (Iingenelo kunye neempawu ezibalaseleyo).
Kungoko ke, ithandwa kakhulu ziinkalo ezininzi ezifana nomzi-mveliso wokuhlamba impahla, umzi-mveliso wezinto zokuthambisa, umzi-mveliso wokulungisa ukutya, kunye nomzi-mveliso wamayeza. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokuba kulula ukuyihlamba kwaye ayishiyi mabala, ifanelekile ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa njengesepha yokusela izitya, isicoci seebhotile, njl.njl.
I-APG isetyenziswa njengesicoci sesepha phantse kwezi nkalo zilandelayo:
Iisepha zokuhlamba neenwele: Iimveliso ezenziwe nge-APG zithambile kwaye azicaphukisi ulusu, zinefoam etyebileyo necolekileyo. Zingadlala indima yokulwa nokuqina xa zisetyenziselwa ukuhlamba ngeshampu. Uninzi lwezi mveliso zilulwelo, kodwa zinokwenziwa zibe ziibhari zesepha. Iisepha zokuhlamba izitya: Iisepha zokuhlamba izitya ezenziwe nge-APG zineempawu ezilungileyo zokukhupha igwebu, zithambile eluswini, zishiya isandla sivakala kakuhle emva kokusetyenziswa, kulula ukuzihlamba, kwaye azishiyi ntsalela.
Isicoci sempahla yokuhlamba impahla: I-APG isetyenziswa kwiisepha zokuhlamba impahla kwaye ine-detergent egqwesileyo. Ingasetyenziselwa ukucoca amalaphu ahlukeneyo (afana nomqhaphu, uboya, i-polyester, njl.njl.). Ingasusa ngokufanelekileyo amabala okungcola kunye neoyile. Kwangaxeshanye, ineempawu zokuthambisa, iimpawu zokungashukumi, kunye neempawu zokunganciphi. Kwaye ingenziwa ibe ziisepha zokuhlamba impahla ezisene-detergent egqwesileyo xa zisetyenziswa emanzini aqinileyo.
Ukucoca umphezulu oqinileyo: Ukongeza ekusetyenzisweni ekuhlambeni izitya, i-APG ingasetyenziselwa ukucoca ezinye iintlobo zeendawo eziqinileyo. Iisepha zokucoca phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi enamandla zinokwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-APG njengesixhobo esisebenzayo. I-APG ekuyo ikwanomsebenzi wokuthintela iintsimbi ze-ferrous ekubeni zingcoliswe kwaye zibole zii-asidi.
Ulwakhiwo lwayo lweemolekyuli lunezityholo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Ngenxa yobuchule besakhiwo sayo semolekyuli, inezi mpawu zilandelayo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa: ubuthi obuphantsi kunye nokurhawuzelelwa okuncinci kulusu namehlo; ukubola kakuhle kunye nokuhambelana kakuhle; ukufuma kakuhle, ukucoca, kunye neempawu zokukhupha amagwebu. Kukho ezi ntlobo zilandelayo xa zisetyenziswa njengesepha.
3.1Uhlobo lwe-amino acid ye-N-acyl
Zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezinto ezisisiseko zeeshampu kunye nezinto zokucoca. Ziyakwazi ukumelana nee-asidi ezibuthathaka kunye namanzi aqinileyo. Azinazo izivubeko ezininzi kwaye azinatyhefu ingako, kwaye zingasetyenziswa kwizithambiso. Zinamandla amakhulu okusasaza isepha yecalcium, ukucoca, kunye namandla okuxuba. Kwishishini lempahla, isetyenziswa njengesepha kunye ne-emulsifier, kwaye ifanelekile ukuhlamba isilika kunye noboya ngenxa yokuba ayinamandla okususa amafutha.
Ii-surfactants ze-zwitterionic zohlobo lwe-Betaine zinezinto ezilungileyo zokucoca amalaphu ekotoni kunye namalaphu axutywe yi-polyester/cotton, ngakumbi i-hydroxyl sulfobetaine, eneengenelo ezininzi kwinkqubo yokuhlamba. Umzekelo: i-dodecyl dimethyl betaine lulwelo olungenambala okanye olutyheli olukhanyayo. Luyi-cationic kwi-acidic media kunye ne-anionic kwi-alkaline media. Ibola ngokulula. Le mveliso ineempawu ezintle zokukhupha igwebu, inokwenza iinwele zithambe, kwaye ifanelekile ukwenza ii-shampoos ezingacaphukisiyo ezinefuthe lokulungisa iinwele, ii-shampoos zosana, njl. Ngenxa yokumelana kwayo kakuhle namanzi aqinileyo, isetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni izicoci zamanzi aqinileyo. Ingasetyenziswa njenge-fungicide.
Ixesha leposi: Matshi-17-2026