Ii-surfactants ze-Amphoteric zii-surfactants eziqulathe amaqela e-anionic hydrophilic kunye namaqela e-cationic hydrophilic kwimolekyuli enye. Uphawu lwazo olubalulekileyo kukuba zinokunikela kwaye zamkele iiproton. Zineempawu ezilandelayo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa: Ii-surfactants ze-Amphoteric zihlala zisebenza kakuhle ekuhlambeni, ekusasazeni, ekuhlanganiseni, ekubulaleni iintsholongwane, ekuthambiseni iifayibha, nasekuthinteleni i-static, kwaye zingasetyenziswa njengee-auxiliaries zokugqiba ilaphu, ii-auxiliaries zokudaya, ii-calcium seap dispersants, ii-surfactants zokucoca ngomileyo, kunye nee-metal corrosion inhibitors, njl. Zineempawu ezithambileyo, ezigudileyo, kunye ne-antistatic kwilaphu; ezinye iimpawu zokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokuthintela ukungunda; kunye neempawu ezilungileyo zokukhupha kunye nokusabalalisa. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lwe-surfactant lubiza kakhulu, kwaye uluhlu lwalo lokusetyenziswa luncinci kunezinye iintlobo ze-surfactants. Yi-surfactant ethambileyo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-surfactants enye ye-anionic okanye ye-cationic, iimolekyuli ze-amphoteric surfactant zinamaqela e-acidic kunye ne-basic kwelinye icala lemolekyuli. Amaqela ane-asidi ikakhulu ngamaqela e-carboxyl, i-sulfonic acid, okanye i-phosphate, ngelixa amaqela asisiseko ngamaqela e-amino okanye e-quaternary ammonium. Angaxutywa ne-anionic kunye ne-nonionic surfactants kwaye ayamelana ne-acids, i-alkalis, i-salts, kunye ne-alkaline earth metal salts.
Okwangoku, ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zineqela le-carboxylate njengee-anionic moieties zazo, kwaye ezimbalwa zineqela le-sulfonate; ii-cationic moieties zazo ikakhulu zii-amine salts okanye ii-quaternary ammonium salts. Ezo zine-amine salts njengee-cationic moiety zibizwa ngokuba luhlobo lwe-amino acid; ezo zine-quaternary ammonium salts njengee-cationic moiety zibizwa ngokuba luhlobo lwe-betaine.
- Uhlobo lwe-amino acid
Isisombululo samanzi se-amino acid-type amphoteric surfactants yi-alkaline. Xa i-hydrochloric acid yongezwa kancinci xa ixutywa, akukho tshintsho xa isisombululo singabi naso. I-precipitate yenzeka xa isisombululo siba ne-asidi encinci. Ukuba i-hydrochloric acid engaphezulu yongezwa ukwenza isisombululo sibe ne-asidi enamandla, i-precipitate iyanyibilika kwakhona. Oku kubonisa ukuba isebenza njenge-anionic surfactant kwindawo ene-alkaline kwaye njenge-cationic surfactant kwindawo ene-asidi. Nangona kunjalo, xa iipropati ze-cationic kunye ne-anionic zilungelelaniswe ngokuchanekileyo kwindawo ye-isoelectric, i-hydrophilicity iyancipha, nto leyo ebangela ukwakheka kwe-precipitate. I-anion kwi-molecule liqela le-carboxyl, kwaye i-cation yityuwa ye-ammonium. Olu hlobo lwe-surfactant lubonisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yomphezulu kunye notshintsho kwi-pH ye-medium. Umzekelo, i-dodecylaminopropionic acid (C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COO-) ingaguqulwa ibe yi-sodium dodecylaminopropionate (C12H25NHCH2CH2COO-Na+) kwi-sodium hydroxide medium, isebenza njenge-anionic surfactant enyibilikayo emanzini. Kwi-hydrochloric acid medium, ingaguqulwa ibe yityuwa ye-hydrochloride ye-dodecylaminopropionic acid [(C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COOH)Cl-], isebenza njenge-cationic surfactant enyibilikayo emanzini. Ukuba i-pH ye-medium ilungisiwe ukuze ii-positive kunye ne-negative charges zilingane ngokuchanekileyo, iguqulwa ibe yityuwa yangaphakathi (C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COO-), enganyibilikiyo kakuhle emanzini kwaye iphume. I-pH kweli nqanaba ibizwa ngokuba yi-isoelectric point. Ukuze isebenze ngokupheleleyo impembelelo ye-amino acid-type amphoteric surfactants, kufuneka isetyenziswe kwizisombululo zamanzi ezine-pH ephambuka kwi-isoelectric point. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni ii-amino acid-type amphoteric surfactants ziquka ii-higher aliphatic primary amines, i-methyl acrylate (jonga ii-acrylate esters), i-acrylonitrile, kunye ne-chloroacetic acid.
- Buhlobo lwe-etaine
Ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric ze-Betaine zinophawu olukhulu lokunyibilika kwizisombululo zamanzi nokuba zine-asidi, zingathathi cala okanye zine-alkaline. Azitshisi nokuba zikwindawo ye-isoelectric. Ukongeza, zikwanazo neempawu ezilungileyo ezifana nokuvuleka, ukukhupha i-detergent kunye nokusebenza okuchasene ne-static. Ke ngoko, ziyi-emulsifiers ezilungileyo kunye nezithambisi.
I-Carboxybetaine
I-anion ekwimolekyuli liqela le-carboxyl, kwaye i-cation liqela le-ammonium ye-quaternary. Umzekelo, i-alkyl dimethyl betaine [RN+(CH3)2CH2COO-], apho iqela le-alkyl R line-athomu zekhabhoni ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-18. Xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo ze-amino acid, iintlobo ze-betaine zinokunyibilika emanzini kwi-acidic, neutral, okanye alkaline media, kwaye azitshisi nakwi-isoelectric point, ngoko ke zingasetyenziswa kwizisombululo zamanzi ezine-pH. Kwi-acidic media, xa i-pH ye-isoelectric point iphantsi, iziphatha njenge-water-soluble cationic surfactant [[RN+(CH3)2CH2COOH]Cl-]; kwi-neutral okanye kwi-alkaline media, oko kukuthi, xa i-pH ilingana okanye ingaphezulu kune-isoelectric point, iziphatha njenge-water-soluble amphoteric surfactant kwaye ayiziphathi njenge-anionic surfactant. I-Amphoteric surfactants idla ngokwenza ii-precipitates kunye ne-anionic surfactants kuphela kwi-acidic media. Zingasetyenziswa kunye naluphi na uhlobo lwe-surfactant kwi-media enexabiso elahlukeneyo le-pH. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ekulungiseleleni i-betaine-type amphoteric surfactants ziquka i-alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines kunye ne-sodium chloroacetate, njl.
I-Sulfobetaine
Iqela le-anionic kwimolekyuli liqela le-sulfo (SO3-), kwaye iqela le-cationic liqela le-quaternary ammonium. Ezisetyenziswa rhoqo yi-alkyl dimethyl sulfonethyl betaines [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH2SO3-] kunye ne-alkyl dimethyl sulfopropyl betaines [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3-]. Inani lee-athomu zekhabhoni kwiqela le-alkyl R kwiifomyula liqala kwi-12 ukuya kwi-18. Ii-Sulfobetaines zineempawu ezibanzi; azinazo nje kuphela zonke iingenelo ze-betaines eziqhelekileyo kodwa zikwanazo neengenelo ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokuchasana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwee-asidi, ii-alkalis, kunye neetyuwa. Okwangoku, i-hydroxy sulfopropyl [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH2SO3-] isetyenziselwa ukuthatha indawo ye-sulfopropyl betaines, evelisa izinto eziyingozi emzimbeni womntu ngexesha lokuveliswa. Ngenxa yokubakho kwamaqela e-anionic kunye ne-cationic anamaqela e-hydroxyl kwisakhiwo sawo, awanazo nje kuphela zonke iingenelo ze-amphoteric surfactants kodwa akwabonisa ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-asidi, i-alkalis, kunye neetyuwa, iimpawu ezilungileyo ze-emulsifying, dispersing, kunye ne-antistatic, kunye neempawu ze-bactericidal, antifungal, kunye ne-viscoelastic. Zi-surfactants ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neekhemikhali zemihla ngemihla, ukufuduswa kweoyile ye-oyile, ukuqhekeka, kunye ne-acidizing.
I-Phospholipid betaine
Iqela le-anionic kwimolekyuli liqela le-phosphate (HPO4-), kwaye iqela le-cationic liqela le-quaternary ammonium. Umzekelo, i-alkyl dimethyl hydroxypropyl phosphate betaine [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH2HPO4-], apho iqela le-alkyl R line-athomu zekhabhoni ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-18. Olu lwakhiwo lugqiba ukuba alunazo nje kuphela iimpawu ezintle ze-amphoteric surfactants ezifana nokufuma, ukucoca, ukunyibilika, iipropati ze-emulsifying kunye ne-dispersing, iipropati ze-antistatic, uzinzo lobushushu, kunye nokuhambelana okuhle, ukurhawuzelelwa okuphantsi, kunye neenzuzo ngaphezu kwe-anionic surfactants ngokubanzi ezifana nokumelana okungcono kwe-alkali, ukumelana ne-electrolyte, kunye nepropati ye-antistatic, kodwa ikwanayo ne-calcium soap dispersibility enamandla, uxinzelelo oluphantsi lomphezulu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-foam.
Ixesha leposi: Feb-04-2026