Ii-surfactants ezininzi ezenziwe ngeekhemikhali zonakalisa imeko-bume yendalo ngenxa yokubola kwazo okungalunganga, ubuthi, kunye nokuthambekela kokuqokelelwa kwiindawo eziphilayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-surfactants zebhayoloji—ezibonakala ngokulula kokubola kunye nokungabi nabuthi kwiinkqubo zendalo—zilungele ngakumbi ulawulo longcoliseko kubunjineli bendalo. Umzekelo, zinokusebenza njengabaqokeleli be-flotation kwiinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka, zifunxe kwiinxalenye ze-colloidal ezitshajiweyo ukuze zisuse ii-ion zesinyithi ezinobuthi, okanye zisetyenziswe ekulungiseni iindawo ezingcoliswe ziikhompawundi ze-organic kunye neesinyithi ezinzima.
1. Izicelo kwiinkqubo zokuNyangwa kwamanzi amdaka
Xa kunyangwa amanzi amdaka ngebhayoloji, ii-ion zesinyithi esinzima zihlala zithintela okanye zityhefa uluntu lweentsholongwane kwindawo edaka olusebenzayo. Ke ngoko, unyango lwangaphambi kwexesha lubalulekile xa kusetyenziswa iindlela zebhayoloji ukunyanga amanzi amdaka anee-ion zesinyithi esinzima. Okwangoku, indlela yokunciphisa i-hydroxide isetyenziswa kakhulu ukususa ii-ion zesinyithi esinzima emanzini amdaka, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kakuhle kuthintelwa kukunyibilika kwe-hydroxide, nto leyo ebangela iziphumo ezingezizo ezilungileyo. Iindlela zokunciphisa i-flotation, kwelinye icala, zihlala zithintelwe ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwabaqokeleli be-flotation (umz., i-surfactant eyenziwe ngeekhemikhali i-sodium dodecyl sulfate) ekunzima ukuyinciphisa kumanqanaba onyango alandelayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kungcoliseko lwesibini. Ngenxa yoko, kukho imfuneko yokuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela ezinokubola ngokulula kwaye ezingenabungozi kwindalo—kwaye ii-surfactants zebhayoloji zinazo ezi nzuzo.
2. Izicelo kwi-Bioremediation
Kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa iintsholongwane ukukhawulezisa ukonakala kwezinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo ngaloo ndlela zilungisa iindawo ezingcolisiweyo, izinto ezibangela ukuba izinto eziphilayo zibe namandla amakhulu okulungisa iindawo ezingcoliswe ziikhemikhali eziphilayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba zingasetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiibroth zokubilisa, zisusa iindleko ezinxulumene nokwahlulwa kwe-surfactant, ukukhupha, kunye nokucocwa kwemveliso.
2.1 Ukuphucula ukuwohloka kwee-Alkanes
Ii-alkanes zezona zinto ziphambili zepetroleum. Ngexesha lokuhlola ipetroleum, ukukhupha, ukuthuthwa, ukucubungula, kunye nokugcinwa kwayo, ukukhutshwa kwepetroleum okungenakuphepheka kungcolisa umhlaba kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Ukuze kukhawuleziswe ukonakala kwe-alkane, ukongeza ii-surfactants zebhayoloji kunokuphucula ukuguquguquka kwamanzi kunye nokubola kwezinto ezidityaniswe ne-hydrophobic, kwandise inani leentsholongwane, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe izinga lokonakala kwe-alkanes.
2.2 Ukuphucula ukuwohloka kweePolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (ii-PAH).
Ii-PAH zifumene ingqalelo eyandayo ngenxa "yeziphumo zazo ezintathu ezibangela umhlaza" (ezibangela umhlaza, ezibangela i-teratogenic, kunye ne-mutagenic). Amazwe amaninzi azibeke njengezingcolisi eziphambili. Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukonakala kweentsholongwane yindlela ephambili yokususa ii-PAH kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye ukonakala kwazo kuncipha njengoko inani leeringi ze-benzene lisanda: Ii-PAH ezineeringi ezintathu okanye ngaphantsi ziwohloka lula, ngelixa ezo zineeringi ezine okanye ngaphezulu kunzima ukuziwohloka.
2.3 Ukususa iiMetal eziyingozi
Inkqubo yokungcoliswa kweentsimbi ezinzima ezinetyhefu emhlabeni ibonakaliswa kukufihla, ukuzinza, nokungaguquki, okwenza ukulungiswa komhlaba ongcoliswe yintsimbi enzima kube yinto egxile kuphando olude kwizifundo zemfundo. Iindlela zangoku zokususa iintsimbi ezinzima emhlabeni ziquka i-vitrification, i-immobilization/zinziso, kunye nonyango lobushushu. Nangona i-vitrification inokwenzeka ngobuchwephesha, ibandakanya umsebenzi omkhulu wobunjineli kunye neendleko eziphezulu. Iinkqubo zokungaguquki ziyaguquguquka, nto leyo edinga ukujongwa rhoqo kokusebenza konyango emva kokusetyenziswa. Unyango lobushushu lufanelekile kuphela kwiintsimbi ezinzima eziguquguqukayo (umz., i-mercury). Ngenxa yoko, iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji ezingabizi kakhulu ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi baqalise ukusebenzisa ii-surfactants zebhayoloji ezingenabungozi kwindalo ukulungisa umhlaba ongcoliswe yintsimbi enzima.
Ixesha leposi: Sep-08-2025