Uninzi lwee-surfactants ezenziwe ngemichiza zonakalisa indalo esingqongileyo ngenxa yokungonakaliswa kwazo kakuhle, ubutyhefu, kunye notyekelo lokuqokelelana kwi-ikhosistim. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-biological surfactants-ephawulwa ngokulula kwe-biodegradability kunye ne-non-toxicity kwiinkqubo ze-ecological-zifaneleke ngcono kulawulo longcoliseko kubunjineli bokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, banokusebenza njengabaqokeleli be-flotation kwiinkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, i-adsorbing kwiincinci ze-colloidal ezihlawulisiweyo ukususa i-ion zetsimbi ezinetyhefu, okanye zisetyenziswe kwiindawo zokulungisa ezonakaliswe yi-organic compounds kunye nesinyithi esinzima.
1. Izicelo kwiiNkqubo zokuCocwa kwamanzi amdaka
Xa kucocwa amanzi amdaka ngokwebhayoloji, iiyoni zentsimbi enzima zihlala zithintela okanye zityhefa iintsholongwane kwindawo eludaka olusebenzayo. Ke ngoko, ukunyangwa kwangaphambili kubalulekile xa kusetyenziswa iindlela zebhayoloji ukunyanga amanzi amdaka aqulathe ii-ion zentsimbi enzima. Okwangoku, indlela ye-hydroxide precipitation isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukususa i-ion zetsimbi enzima kumanzi amdaka, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kwemvula kulinganiselwe kukunyibilika kwee-hydroxides, okukhokelela kwiziphumo ezisebenzayo. Iindlela ze-Flotation, kwelinye icala, zihlala zithintelwe ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwabaqokeleli beflotation (umzekelo, i-chemical synthesized surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate) ekunzima ukuthotywa kumanqanaba alandelayo onyango, okukhokelela kungcoliseko lwesibini. Ngako oko, kukho imfuneko yokuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela ezinokuguquguquka ngokulula kwaye zingabi natyhefu ngokusingqongileyo-kwaye i-biological surfactants inazo kanye ezi zibonelelo.
2. Izicelo kwiBioremediation
Kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa ii-microorganisms ukuvuselela ukuthotywa kwezinto ezingcolisa indalo kwaye ngaloo ndlela kulungiswe imeko-bume engcolisekileyo, ii-surfactants zebhayoloji zibonelela ngesakhono esibalulekileyo sokulungiswa kwendawo kwindawo engcolisekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba zinokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-fermentation broths, ukuphelisa iindleko ezinxulumene nokwahlulwa kwe-surfactant, ukutsalwa, kunye nokucocwa kwemveliso.
2.1 Ukuphucula ukuthotywa kweAlkanes
IiAlkanes zezona nxalenye ziphambili zepetroleum. Ngexesha lokuhlola i-petroleum, ukukhutshwa, ukuthuthwa, ukulungiswa kunye nokugcinwa, ukukhutshwa kwepetroleum okungenakuphepheka kungcolisa umhlaba kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Ukukhawulezisa ukuthotywa kwe-alkane, ukongeza i-surfactants yebhayoloji kunokuphucula i-hydrophilicity kunye ne-biodegradability yeekhompawundi ze-hydrophobic, ukwandisa inani le-microbial, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe izinga lokuthotywa kwe-alkanes.
2.2 Ukuphucula ukuthotywa kwePolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Ii-PAHs ziye zafumana ingqalelo ekhulayo ngenxa "yeempembelelo ezintathu ze-carcinogenic" (i-carcinogenic, i-teratogenic, kunye ne-mutagenic). Amazwe amaninzi aye azichaza njengezona zingcolisi ziphambili. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukuthotywa kwe-microbial yindlela ephambili yokususa i-PAHs kwindawo engqongileyo, kwaye ukuthotywa kwabo kuncipha njengoko inani le-benzene rings likhula: I-PAHs enezangqa ezintathu okanye ezimbalwa ziyancipha ngokulula, ngelixa ezo zineringi ezine okanye ngaphezulu zinzima kakhulu ukudiliza.
2.3 Ukususwa kweeMetali ezinetyhefu
Inkqubo yongcoliseko lwesinyithi esinzima esinetyhefu emhlabeni sibonakala ngokufihlwa, ukuzinza, kunye nokungaguquguquki, ukwenza ukulungiswa komhlaba ongcolisekileyo wesinyithi kugxilwe kuphando lwexesha elide kwizifundiswa. Iindlela zangoku zokususa isinyithi esinzima emhlabeni ziquka i-vitrification, immobilization / stabilization, kunye nonyango lwe-thermal. Ngelixa i-vitrification inokwenzeka ngokobuchwephesha, ibandakanya umsebenzi omkhulu wobunjineli kunye neendleko eziphezulu. Iinkqubo ze-immobilization zibuyiselwa umva, zifuna ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo kokusebenza konyango emva kokufakwa kwesicelo. Unyango lwe-thermal lufanelekile kuphela kwiintsimbi ezinzima eziguquguqukayo (umzekelo, i-mercury). Ngenxa yoko, iindlela eziphantsi zonyango lwebhayoloji zibone uphuhliso olukhawulezayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi baqalisile ukusebenzisa i-ecologically non-toxic surfactants yebhayoloji ukulungisa umhlaba ongcoliswe yintsimbi enzima.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-08-2025