Zithini izicelo ze-surfactants kwicandelo le-oyile?

Ngokwendlela yokwahlulahlula iikhemikhali ze-oyile, ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kwi-oyile zinokuhlulwahlulwa ngokwendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwi-surfactants zokubhola, ii-surfactants zokuvelisa, ii-surfactants zokubuyisela ioyile ephuculweyo, ii-surfactants zokuqokelela/zokuthutha ioyile kunye negesi, kunye nee-surfactants zokucoca amanzi.

 

Izinto zokubhola ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezishushu​

 

Phakathi kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-oyile, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-oyile (kuquka izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-oyile kunye nezongezwayo ze-cement) zibaluleke kakhulu—malunga ne-60% yento yonke esetyenziswa kwi-oyile. Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-oyile, nangona zincinci ngobuninzi, ziphucuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, zimalunga nesinye kwisithathu sento yonke. Ezi ndidi zimbini zibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ze-oyile.

E-China, uphando lugxile kwiindawo ezimbini eziphambili: ukusebenzisa kakhulu izinto eziluhlaza zemveli kunye nokuphuhlisa ii-polymers ezintsha ezenziweyo (kuquka ii-monomers). Kumazwe ngamazwe, uphando olongezelelweyo lwe-drilling fluid lukhethekile ngakumbi, lugxininisa ii-polymers ezenziweyo ze-sulfonic acid njengesiseko seemveliso ezahlukeneyo—umkhwa onokubumba uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo. Kuye kwenziwa uphuhliso kwi-viscosity reducers, ii-agents zokulawula ukulahleka kolwelo, kunye ne-lubricants. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-surfactants ze-polymeric alcohol ezineempembelelo ze-cloud point ziye zasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zeoyile zasekhaya, zenza uthotho lweenkqubo ze-polymeric alcohol drilling fluids. Ukongeza, i-methyl glucoside kunye ne-glycerin-based drilling fluids zibonise iziphumo ezithembisayo zokusetyenziswa kwentsimi, ziqhubela phambili uphuhliso lwe-surfactants zokubhola. Okwangoku, izongezo ze-drilling fluid zase-China ziquka iindidi ezili-18 ezineentlobo ezingaphezu kwewaka, kunye nokusetyenziswa konyaka okuphantse kube yi-300,000 yeetoni.

 

Ii-Surfactants zeMveliso​

 

Xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants zokubhola, ii-surfactants zemveliso zimbalwa ngokwahluka nangobuninzi, ngakumbi ezo zisetyenziswa ekwenzeni i-asidi kunye ne-fracturing. Kwi-surfactants zokuqhekeza, uphando malunga nee-gelling agents lugxile kakhulu kwiintsini zezityalo zendalo eziguquliweyo kunye ne-cellulose, kunye nee-polymers zokwenziwa ezifana ne-polyacrylamide. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkqubela phambili yamazwe ngamazwe ekwenzeni i-asidi ibe yi-surfactants yolwelo iye yacotha, ugxininiso lwe-R&D luye lwaya kwiizithinteli zokugqwalaukuze kwenziwe i-asidi. Ezi zithinteli zihlala ziphuhliswa ngokuguqula okanye ukuxuba izinto ezikhoyo, ngenjongo efanayo yokuqinisekisa ukuba i-oyile/amanzi ayityibiliki okanye ayinatyhefu kwaye inyibilika okanye amanzi ayasasazeka. Izithinteli ezixutyiweyo ezisekelwe kwi-amine, i-quaternary ammonium, kunye ne-alkyne alcohol zixhaphakile, ngelixa izithinteli ezisekelwe kwi-aldehyde ziye zehla ngenxa yenkxalabo yetyhefu. Ezinye izinto ezintsha ziquka i-dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid complexes ezine-amines ezinobunzima obuphantsi (umz., i-ethylamine, i-propylamine, i-C8–18 primary amines, i-oleic diethanolamide), kunye ne-acid-in-oil emulsifiers. E-China, uphando malunga ne-surfactants zokuqhekeka kunye ne-acidizing fluids luye lwahlala phantsi, ngenkqubela encinci ngaphaya kwezithinteli zokubola. Phakathi kweemveliso ezikhoyo, iikhompawundi ezisekelwe kwi-amine (ii-primary, secondary, tertiary, okanye i-quaternary amide kunye ne-blends zazo) zilawula, zilandelwa zi-imidazoline derivatives njengenye iklasi enkulu ye-organic corrosion inhibitors.

 

Izinto zokuqokelela/zokuthutha ii-surfactants zeoyile negesi​

 

Uphando nophuhliso lwee-surfactants zokuqokelela/ukuthutha ioyile negesi eTshayina lwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Namhlanje, kukho iindidi ezili-14 ezineemveliso ezininzi. Ii-demulsifiers zeoyile ekrwada zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu, ngemfuno yonyaka emalunga neetoni ezingama-20,000. ITshayina iphuhlise ii-demulsifiers ezenzelwe iindawo ezahlukeneyo zeoyile, uninzi lwazo luhlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yoo-1990. Nangona kunjalo, ii-pour point depressants, ii-flow improvers, ii-viscosity reducers, kunye nee-wax removal/prevention agents zihlala zilinganiselwe, uninzi lwazo ziimveliso ezixutyiweyo. Iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zeempawu ezahlukeneyo zeoyile ekrwada kwezi surfactants zizisa imingeni kunye neemfuno eziphezulu zophuhliso lwemveliso entsha.

 

Ii-Surfactants zoNyango lwaManzi e-Oilfield​

 

Iikhemikhali zokunyanga amanzi zizinto ezibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lweendawo zeoyile, apho ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngonyaka kudlula iitoni ezingama-60,000—malunga nama-40% azo zii-surfactants. Nangona kukho imfuno enkulu, uphando malunga nee-surfactants zokunyanga amanzi eTshayina alwanelanga, kwaye uluhlu lwemveliso aluphelelanga. Uninzi lweemveliso luhlengahlengiswe kunyango lwamanzi lwemizi-mveliso, kodwa ngenxa yobunzima bamanzi kwiindawo zeoyile, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuhlala kuphantsi, ngamanye amaxesha kungaphumeleli ekuveliseni iziphumo ezilindelekileyo. Kumazwe ngamazwe, uphuhliso lwe-flocculant yeyona ndawo isebenzayo kuphando lwe-surfactant yokunyanga amanzi, luvelisa iimveliso ezininzi, nangona zimbalwa ezenzelwe ngokukodwa unyango lwamanzi amdaka kwiindawo zeoyile.