Indlela esebenza ngayo i-oyile ekrwada isekelwe kumgaqo wokuguqulwa kwesigaba-ukudluliselwa-ukuguqulwa kwesimo. Xa kongezwa i-demulsifier, kwenzeka utshintsho lwesigaba: ii-surfactants ezikwaziyo ukuvelisa uhlobo lwe-emulsion oluchasene nolo lwenziwe yi-emulsifier (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-reverse-phase demulsifiers) ziyavela. Ezi demulsifiers zisabela kunye ne-hydrophobic emulsifiers ukuze zenze ii-complexes, ngaloo ndlela zisusa amandla ayo e-emulsifier.
Enye indlela kukuqhekeka okubangelwa kukungqubana kwefilimu ye-interfacial. Phantsi kweemeko zokufudumeza okanye zokushukuma, i-demulsifier inethuba elaneleyo lokungqubana nefilimu ye-interfacial ye-emulsion, nokuba inamathela kuyo okanye isuse kwaye ithathe indawo yezinye izinto ezisebenza kumphezulu, ngaloo ndlela iqhuma ifilimu. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu ukuzinza, okubangela ukushukuma kunye nokuhlangana okukhokelela ekukhutshweni kwe-mulsification.
Ii-emulsion zeoyile ekrwada zihlala zivela xa kusenziwa kwaye kucocwa iimveliso zepetroleum. Uninzi lweeoyile ezikrwada eziphambili ehlabathini zifumaneka zikwimeko ye-emulsion. I-emulsion inezilwelo ezimbini ezingenakuxutywa, enye yazo isasazeke kakuhle—amathontsi amalunga ne-1 μm ububanzi—ngaphakathi kwenye.
Enye yezi zinto zimanzi idla ngokuba ngamanzi, enye idla ngokuba yioyile. Ioyile ingasasazeka kakuhle emanzini kangangokuba i-emulsion iba luhlobo lweoyile emanzini (O/W), apho amanzi ekwinqanaba eliqhubekayo aze afake ioyile kwisigaba esisasazekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba ioyile yenza isigaba esiqhubekayo aze afake amanzi kwisigaba esisasazekileyo, i-emulsion iluhlobo lwamanzi kwioyile (W/O)—uninzi lwee-emulsion zeoyile eluhlaza zikweli candelo lokugqibela.
Iimolekyuli zamanzi ziyatsalana, njengoko kunjalo neemolekyuli zeoyile; kodwa phakathi kwamanzi kunye neemolekyuli zeoyile kukho amandla agxothayo asebenzayo kwindawo yazo. Uxinzelelo lomphezulu lunciphisa indawo yokuhlangana, ngoko ke amathontsi kwi-W/O emulsion athambekele kwi-sphericity. Ngaphezu koko, amathontsi ngamanye athanda ukuhlangana, apho indawo yawo iyonke yomphezulu incinci kunenani leendawo ezahlukeneyo zamathontsi. Ke ngoko, i-emulsion yamanzi acocekileyo kunye neoyile ecocekileyo ayizinzanga ngokwemvelo: isigaba esisasazekileyo sitsalela kwi-coalescence, senza amaleko amabini ahlukeneyo xa ukugxothwa kwe-interfacial kuthintelwe—umzekelo, ngokuqokelelwa kweekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kwindawo yokuhlangana, okunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu. Ngokwetekhnoloji, izicelo ezininzi zisebenzisa esi siphumo ngokongeza ii-emulsifiers ezaziwayo ukuvelisa ii-emulsions ezizinzileyo. Nasiphi na isithako esizinzisa i-emulsion ngale ndlela kufuneka sibe nesakhiwo seekhemikhali esivumela ukusebenzisana ngaxeshanye neemolekyuli zamanzi kunye neoyile—oko kukuthi, kufuneka siqulathe iqela elithanda amanzi kunye neqela elithanda amanzi.
Ii-emulsion zeoyile ekrwada zixhomekeke kwizinto zendalo ezikwioyile, ezihlala zithwele amaqela e-polar afana ne-carboxyl okanye amaqela e-phenolic. Ezi zinokubakho njengezisombululo okanye i-colloidal dispersions, ezisebenzisa impembelelo ethile xa zinamathele kwiindawo ezidibeneyo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, uninzi lwamasuntswana luyasasazeka kwisigaba seoyile kwaye luqokelelane kwindawo edibeneyo yeoyile namanzi, luhambelana ecaleni namaqela awo e-polar ajonge emanzini. Ngaloo ndlela, umaleko odibeneyo ozinzileyo ngokwasemzimbeni uyakheka, ufana nesheath eqinileyo efana nomaleko we-particle okanye i-paraffin crystal lattice. Kwiliso lenyama, oku kubonakala njengengubo egquma umaleko we-interface. Le ndlela ichaza ukuguga kwee-emulsion zeoyile ekrwada kunye nobunzima bokuziqhekeza.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando malunga neendlela zokususa i-emulsion yeoyile eluhlaza lugxile kakhulu kuphando olucwangcisiweyo lweenkqubo zokudibanisa amaconsi kunye nempembelelo ye-demulsifiers kwiimpawu ze-rheological ze-interfacial. Sekunjalo ngenxa yokuba isenzo se-demulsifiers kwi-emulsions sinzima kakhulu, kwaye nangona uphando olubanzi kule ndawo, akukho mbono udibeneyo wendlela yokususa i-emulsion evele.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo ziyaziwa okwangoku:
③ Indlela yokunyibilikisa i-oyile – Imolekyuli enye okanye iimolekyuli ezimbalwa ze-demulsifier zinokwenza ii-micelles; ezi coils ze-macromolecular okanye ii-micelles ziyanyibilikisa iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier, nto leyo ebangela ukuqhekeka kwe-oyile ekrwada e-emulsified.
④ Indlela yokuguqulwa kwesimo esigobileyo– Ukuqwalaselwa kweMicroscopic kubonisa ukuba ii-emulsion ze-W/O zineegobolondo zamanzi ezimbini okanye ezininzi, kunye neegobolondo zeoyile ezibekwe phakathi kwazo. Phantsi kweziphumo ezidibeneyo zokufudumeza, ukuxukuxa, kunye nesenzo se-demulsifier, iileya zangaphakathi zamaconsi ziyadibana, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuhlanganiseni kwamaconsi kunye nokudilizwa.
Ukongeza, uphando lwasekhaya malunga neendlela zokususa i-mulsification kwiinkqubo ze-oyile eluhlaza ezifakwe i-O/W lubonisa ukuba i-demulsifier efanelekileyo kufuneka ihlangabezane nezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo: umsebenzi oqinileyo womphezulu; ukusebenza kakuhle kokumanzisa; amandla okwanela okushukuma; kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza kakuhle kokudibanisa.
Ii-demulsifiers ziza kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo; zahlulwe ngokweentlobo ze-surfactant, ziquka iintlobo ze-cationic, ze-anionic, ze-nonionic, kunye neze-zwitterionic.
Ii-Anionic demulsifiers: ii-carboxylates, ii-sulfonates, ii-polyoxyethylene fatty acid sulfate esters, njl.njl.—iingxaki ziquka idosi ephezulu, ukusebenza kakubi, kunye nokuchaphazeleka kukungasebenzi kakuhle xa kukho ii-electrolytes.
Ii-Cationic demulsifiers: ikakhulu iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary—zisebenza kakuhle kwiioyile ezikhaphukhaphu kodwa azifanelekanga kwiioyile ezinzima okanye ezindala.
Ii-demulsifiers ezingezizo ii-ionic: ii-block copolymers eziqalwe zii-amines; ii-block copolymers eziqalwe zii-alcohols; ii-alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin block copolymers; ii-phenol-amine-formaldehyde resin block copolymers; ii-demulsifiers ezisekelwe kwi-silicone; ii-demulsifiers ezinobunzima be-molecular obuphezulu kakhulu; ii-polyphosphates; ii-modified block copolymers; kunye nee-zwitterionic demulsifiers ezimelwe zii-imidazoline-based crude oil demulsifiers.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-04-2025