1. Ama-surfactants okukhipha uwoyela osindayo
Ngenxa yokuthamba okuphezulu kanye nokugeleza okuncane kwamafutha anzima, ukukhishwa kwawo kudala izinselele ezinkulu. Ukuze kutholakale amafutha anzima kangaka, isixazululo samanzi sama-surfactants ngezinye izikhathi sifakwa emgodini ukuze kuguqulwe i-crude ethambile kakhulu ibe yi-emulsion yamafutha emanzini ethambile, engapontshwa ibe ngaphezulu.
Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa kule ndlela yokunciphisa i-oyili esindayo kanye ne-viscosity afaka i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, kanye ne-sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate.
I-emulsion yamafutha akhishwe emanzini idinga ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi, lapho ama-surfactant ezimboni nawo asetshenziswa khona njenge-demulsifiers. Lawa ma-demulsifier angama-emulsifiers angaphakathi kwamafutha. Avame ukusetshenziswa afaka ama-surfactant e-cationic noma ama-naphthenic acid, ama-asphaltic acid, kanye nosawoti wawo wensimbi we-polyvalent.
Kuma-crude aqinile angenakukhishwa ngezindlela zokupompa ezivamile, kudingeka umjovo womusi ukuze kubuyiselwe ukushisa. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokubuyiselwa ukushisa, ama-surfactant ayadingeka. Enye indlela evamile ukufaka i-foam emthonjeni womjovo womusi—ikakhulukazi, ama-foam agents amelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye namagesi angashisi.
Ama-foam agent asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka phakathi ama-alkyl benzene sulfonates, ama-α-olefin sulfonates, ama-petroleum sulfonates, ama-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers a-sulfonated, kanye nama-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers a-sulfonated. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wawo ophezulu wobuso kanye nokuqina ngokumelene nama-acid, izisekelo, umoya-mpilo, ukushisa, kanye namafutha, ama-surfactants a-fluorinated ayizinto ezifanelekile zokushisa okuphezulu.
Ukuze kube lula ukudlula kwamafutha ahlakazekile ngesakhiwo sembobo-umphimbo wokwakheka noma ukwenza kube lula ukususa uwoyela ebusweni bokwakheka, kusetshenziswa ama-surfactants aziwa ngokuthi ama-thin-film spreading agents. Isibonelo esivamile ama-surfactants e-polymer e-oxyalkylated phenolic resin.
2. Ama-surfactants okukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe one-Waxy
Ukukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe ofana ne-wax kudinga ukuvimbela nokususa i-wax njalo. Ama-surfactant asebenza njengezinto ezivimbela i-wax kanye ne-paraffin dispersants.
Ukuze kuvinjelwe i-wax, kukhona ama-surfactants ancibilikayo ku-oyela (ashintsha izakhiwo zangaphezulu zamakristalu e-wax) kanye nama-surfactants ancibilikayo emanzini (aguqula izakhiwo zezindawo ezifakwa i-wax njenge-tubing, izinduku zokudonsa, kanye nemishini). Ama-surfactants ancibilikayo ku-oyela avamile afaka ama-sulfonate e-petroleum kanye nama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-amine. Izinketho ezincibilikayo emanzini zifaka i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, ama-alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, ama-aromatic polyoxyethylene ethers, kanye nama-sodium sulfonate derivatives awo.
Ukuze kususwe i-paraffin, ama-surfactant nawo ahlukaniswa ngama-oil-soluble (asetshenziswa kuma-paraffin removers asekelwe ku-oil) kanye nama-water-soluble (njenge-sulfonate-type, i-quaternary ammonium-type, i-polyether-type, i-Tween-type, ama-surfactant ohlobo lwe-OP, kanye nama-sulfatent e-PEG noma e-OP-type sulfate/sulfonated).
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imikhuba yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe ihlanganise ukuvimbela nokususa i-wax, ihlanganisa izisusi ezisekelwe ku-oyela kanye nezisekelwe emanzini zibe yizihlanzisi ze-paraffin ezixubile. Lawa asebenzisa ama-hydrocarbon aromatic njengesigaba samafutha kanye nama-emulsifier anezakhiwo zokuncibilikisa i-paraffin njengesigaba samanzi. Lapho i-emulsifier inendawo efanele yamafu (izinga lokushisa lapho iba namafu khona), iyayihlanza ngaphansi kwendawo yokufaka i-wax, ikhulule zombili izingxenye ukuthi zisebenze ngasikhathi sinye.
3. Ama-surfactants okuqeda amanzi emzimbeni ngamafutha angcolile
Ekubuyiseleni uwoyela oyinhloko nowesibili, kusetshenziswa kakhulu ama-demulsifier kawoyela emanzini. Kuye kwasungulwa izizukulwane ezintathu zemikhiqizo:
1. Isizukulwane sokuqala: Ama-Carboxylates, ama-sulfate, nama-sulfonates.
2. Isizukulwane sesibili: Ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic anesisindo esiphansi sama-molecule (isb., i-OP, i-PEG, kanye namafutha e-castor afakwe i-sulfonated).
3. Isizukulwane sesithathu: Ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic anesisindo sama-molecule amaningi.
Ekubuyiseleni kwesibili kwesigaba sokugcina kanye nasekubuyiseleni kwesithathu, uwoyela ongahluziwe uvame ukuba khona njenge-emulsion yamanzi ku-oyela. Ama-demulsifier awela ezinhlotsheni ezine:
·Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary (isb., i-tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, i-dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), osabela ngama-emulsifier e-anionic ukushintsha i-HLB yawo (ibhalansi ye-hydrophilic-lipophilic) noma anamathele ezinhlayiyeni zobumba ezimanzi ngamanzi, okushintsha ukumanzi.
·Ama-surfactant e-anionic (asebenza njenge-emulsifiers emanzini) kanye nama-surfactant angewona ama-ionic ancibilikayo kumafutha, nawo asebenza kahle ekuphuleni ama-emulsions emanzini.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba 17-2025