1.Ama-surfactants Okukhipha Amafutha Anzima
Ngenxa ye-viscosity ephezulu kanye ne-fluidity encane yamafutha anzima, ukukhishwa kwawo kubangela izinselele ezinkulu. Ukuze kubuyiselwe uwoyela osinda kangaka, inxakaxaka yamanzi yama-surfactants ngezinye izikhathi ijova emthonjeni womthombo ukuze kuguqulwe okungcolile okune-viscous ibe i-emulsion yamafutha emanzini ane-viscosity ephansi, engase iphonselwe phezulu.
Ama-surfactants asetshenziswa kule ndlela yokunciphisa uwoyela esindayo kanye nendlela yokunciphisa i-viscosity ihlanganisa i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, ne-sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alkylte alcohol.
I-emulsion ekhishwe kawoyela emanzini idinga ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi, lapho ama-surfactants ezimboni aphinde aqashwe njengama-demulsifiers. Lawa ma-demulsifiers ama-emulsifiers wamanzi ngamafutha. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kufaka phakathi ama-cationic surfactants noma ama-naphthenic acid, ama-asphaltic acid, kanye nosawoti wabo wensimbi oyi-polyvalent.
Ngokukhethekile ama-viscous crudes angakwazi ukukhishwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezijwayelekile zokumpompa, umjovo we-steam uyadingeka ukuze kutholakale ukushisa okushisayo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokululama kokushisa, ama-surfactants ayadingeka. Enye indlela evamile ukujova igwebu emjovweni wesitimu—ikakhulukazi, amagwebu amelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye namagesi angacondensable.
Amagwebu asetshenziswa kakhulu ahlanganisa i-alkyl benzene sulfonates, i-α-olefin sulfonates, i-petroleum sulfonates, i-sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, nama-sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo ophezulu kanye nokuzinza ngokumelene nama-acids, izisekelo, umoya-mpilo, ukushisa, namafutha, ama-fluorinated surfactants ama-agent afanelekayo afaka amagwebu aphezulu.
Ukuze kube lula ukuhamba kwamafutha ahlakazekile ngesakhiwo se-pore-throat sokubunjwa noma ukwenza amafutha endaweni yokubunjwa kube lula ukususa, ama-surfactants aziwa ngokuthi ama-agent asakaza amafilimu amancane asetshenziswa. Isibonelo esivamile ama-oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.
2.Ama-Surfactants Okukhipha Uwoyela Ongahluziwe we-Waxy
Ukukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe we-waxy kudinga ukuvimbela nokususwa kwe-wax njalo. Ama-surfactants asebenza njengama-wax inhibitors nama-dispersants kapharafini.
Ngokuvimbela i-wax, kunama-surfactants ancibilika kuwoyela (ashintsha izici ezingaphezulu zamakristalu e-wax) kanye nama-surfactants ancibilika emanzini (aguqula izakhiwo zezindawo zokubeka i-wax njengeshubhu, izinduku zokumunca, nemishini). Ama-surfactants avamile ancibilika kuwoyela ahlanganisa i-petroleum sulfonates kanye nama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-amine. Izinketho ezincibilika emanzini zihlanganisa i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, ama-alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, ama-ether e-polyoxyethylene anuka kamnandi, kanye nokuphuma kwawo kwe-sodium sulfonate.
Ukuze kukhishwe upharafini, ama-surfactants aphinde ahlukaniswe ngokwezinto ezincibilikayo kuwoyela (ezisetshenziswa ezikhiqizweni zikapharafini ezisuselwa kuwoyela) kanye nezincibilika emanzini (njengohlobo lwe-sulfonate, uhlobo lwe-quaternary ammonium, uhlobo lwe-polyether, uhlobo lwe-Tween, ama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-OP, kanye ne-sulfate/sulfactants-type surfonated PEG-type noma uhlobo lwe-OPG).
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinqubo zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe ziye zahlanganisa ukuvimbela nokususwa kwe-wax, ukuhlanganisa izisusa ezisekelwe kuwoyela nezisekelwe emanzini zibe izisabalalisi zikapharafini ezixubile. Lezi zisebenzisa ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi njengesigaba sikawoyela kanye nama-emulsifiers anezindawo zokuncibilikisa upharafini njengesigaba samanzi. Uma i-emulsifier inephuzu lefu elifanele (izinga lokushisa eliguqubala ngalo), ikhulula ngaphansi kwendawo yokubeka i-wax, ikhulule zombili izingxenye ukuze zisebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa.
3.Ama-surfactants okuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kawoyela ongahluziwe
Ekubuyiseni uwoyela okuyisisekelo nokwesibili, ama-demulsifiers emanzini asetshenziswa kakhulu. Kuthuthukiswe izizukulwane ezintathu zemikhiqizo:
1.Isizukulwane sokuqala: Ama-Carboxylate, ama-sulfate, nama-sulfonates.
2.Isizukulwane sesibili: Ama-surfactants e-non-molecule anesisindo esiphansi (isb, i-OP, i-PEG, namafutha e-castor ane-sulfonated).
3.Isizukulwane sesithathu: Ama-surfactants ama-nonionic anesisindo esiphezulu se-molecular.
Esikhathini sokululama kwesibili kwesigaba sesibili kanye nokululama ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme, uwoyela ongahluziwe uvamise ukuba khona njengama-emulsion afakwa emanzini. Ama-Demulsifiers awela ezigabeni ezine:
·I-quaternary ammonium salts (isb, i-tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, i-dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), esabela nge-anionic emulsifiers ukuze iguqule i-HLB (ibhalansi ye-hydrophilic-lipophilic) yayo noma i-adsorb ezinhlayiyeni zobumba olumanzi, ukushintsha ukumanzi.
·Ama-Anionic surfactants (asebenza njengama-emulsifiers kawoyela emanzini) kanye nama-nonionic surfactants ancibilika uwoyela, futhi asebenza kahle ekwephuleni ama-emulsions wamanzi ngamafutha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-17-2025