1. Nā Surfactants no ka Extraction ʻaila kaumaha
Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mānoanoa a me ka wai ʻole o ka ʻaila kaumaha, he mau pilikia nui kona unuhi ʻana. No ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i kēlā ʻaila kaumaha, hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi manawa kahi hopena wai o nā surfactants i loko o ka luawai e hoʻololi i ka ʻaila maka mānoanoa loa i loko o kahi emulsion ʻaila-i-ka-wai haʻahaʻa, a laila hiki ke pamu ʻia i luna.
ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia ʻano emulsification aila kaumaha a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka viscosity e komo pū me ka sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, a me ka sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate.
Pono ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wai i ka emulsion aila-i-ka-wai i unuhi ʻia, no laila hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants ʻoihana e like me nā demulsifiers. ʻO kēia mau demulsifiers he mau emulsifiers wai-i-ka-aila. ʻO nā mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e komo pū me nā surfactants cationic a i ʻole nā waikawa naphthenic, nā waikawa asphaltic, a me kā lākou mau paʻakai metala polyvalent.
No nā ʻaila maka mānoanoa loa i hiki ʻole ke unuhi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano pamu maʻamau, pono ka hoʻokomo mahu no ka hoʻōla wela. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka hoʻōla wela, pono nā surfactants. ʻO kahi ala maʻamau, ʻo ia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka huʻa i loko o ka lua hoʻokomo mahu—ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea hoʻohua kūpaʻa i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe me nā kinoea hiki ʻole ke hoʻopili ʻia.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e komo pū me ka alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, a me sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers. Ma muli o kā lākou hana kiʻekiʻe ma luna a me ke kūpaʻa e kūʻē i nā waikawa, nā kumu, ka oxygen, ka wela, a me ka ʻaila, ʻo nā surfactants fluorinated nā mea hoʻohua wela kiʻekiʻe.
I mea e maʻalahi ai ke hele ʻana o ka ʻaila i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma o ke ʻano pore-throat o ke ʻano a i ʻole e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila ma luna o ka ʻili o ke ʻano, hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants i ʻike ʻia he mau mea hoʻolaha kiʻi lahilahi. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau, ʻo ia nā oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.
2. Nā Surfactants no ka Waxy Crude Oil Extraction
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻaila maka waxy e pono ai ka pale ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana i ka waxy maʻamau. Hana nā Surfactants i mea hoʻopale wax a me nā mea hoʻolaha paraffin.
No ka pale ʻana i ka wax, aia nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila (nāna e hoʻololi i nā ʻano o ka ʻili o nā kristal wax) a me nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai (nāna e hoʻololi i nā ʻano o nā ʻili waiho wax e like me nā tubing, nā koʻokoʻo sucker, a me nā lako). ʻO nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila maʻamau e komo pū me nā petroleum sulfonates a me nā amine-type surfactants. ʻO nā koho hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e komo pū me ka sodium alkyl sulfonate, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, nā alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, nā aromatic polyoxyethylene ethers, a me kā lākou sodium sulfonate derivatives.
No ka wehe ʻana i ka paraffin, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā surfactants i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila (hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻohemo paraffin e pili ana i ka ʻaila) a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai (e like me ke ʻano sulfonate, quaternary ammonium-type, polyether-type, Tween-type, OP-type surfactants, a me nā sulfate/sulfonated PEG-type a i ʻole OP-type surfactants).
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohui nā hana kūloko a me nā hana honua i ka pale ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana i ka wax, e hoʻohui ana i nā mea wehe i hana ʻia me ka ʻaila a me ka wai i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe paraffin hybrid. Hoʻohana kēia mau mea i nā hydrocarbons ʻala ma ke ʻano he pae ʻaila a me nā emulsifiers me nā waiwai hoʻoheheʻe paraffin ma ke ʻano he pae wai. Ke loaʻa i ka emulsifier kahi kiko ao kūpono (ka mahana e lilo ai i ao), hoʻoheheʻe ia ma lalo o ka ʻāpana waiho wax, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā ʻāpana ʻelua e hana like.
3. Nā Surfactants no ka Dehydration ʻaila maka
I ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila mua a me ka lua, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā demulsifiers ʻaila-i-ka-wai. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻekolu hanauna o nā huahana:
1. Hanauna mua: Nā Carboxylates, nā sulfates, a me nā sulfonates.
2. Ka lua o ka hanauna: Nā surfactants nonionic kaumaha haʻahaʻa-molekala (e laʻa, OP, PEG, a me ka ʻaila castor sulfonated).
3. Hanauna ʻekolu: Nā surfactants nonionic kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe.
I ka hoʻōla lua hope loa a me ka hoʻōla tertiary, loaʻa pinepine ka ʻaila maka ma ke ʻano he emulsions wai-i-ka-ʻaila. Hāʻule nā demulsifiers i ʻehā mau māhele:
·Nā paʻakai ammonium Quaternary (e laʻa, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), ka mea e hana me nā emulsifiers anionic e hoʻololi i ko lākou HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) a i ʻole e hoʻopili ma luna o nā ʻāpana lepo wai-pulu, e hoʻololi ana i ka wettability.
ʻO nā surfactants anionic (e hana ana ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers aila-i-ka-wai) a me nā surfactants nonionic hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka aila, he mea kūpono hoʻi no ka uhaki ʻana i nā emulsions wai-i-ka-aila.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-17-2025