Ukusetyenziswa kweizinto ezibangela ukudumbakwimveliso yentsimi yeoyile
1. Izinto ezisetyenziswa xa kumbiwa ioyile enzima
Ngenxa yokuba i-viscosity ephezulu kunye nokungaguquguquki kakuhle kwe-oyile enzima, izisa ubunzima obuninzi ekwembiweni. Ukuze kukhutshwe ezi oyile zinzima, ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko ukufaka isisombululo samanzi se-surfactant downhole ukuguqula i-oyile enzima ene-viscosity ephezulu ibe yi-emulsion ye-oyile-emanzini ephantsi kwaye uyikhuphele kumphezulu. Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kule ndlela ye-emulsification ye-oyile enzima kunye nokunciphisa i-viscosity ziquka i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, i-polyoxyethylene Vinyl alkyl alcohol ether sulfate sodium salt, njl. I-emulsion ye-oyile-emanzini eveliswayo kufuneka yahlukanise amanzi kwaye isebenzise ezinye ii-surfactants zoshishino njenge-demulsifiers zokuphelisa amanzi emzimbeni. Ezi demulsifiers zii-emulsifiers zamanzi-e-oyile. Ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zii-surfactants ze-cationic okanye ii-naphthenic acids, ii-asphaltonic acids kunye neetyuwa zazo zesinyithi ezininzi.
Ioyile ekhethekileyo enzima ayinakugrunjwa ziiyunithi zokupompa eziqhelekileyo kwaye ifuna inaliti yomphunga ukuze ibuyiselwe kubushushu. Ukuphucula isiphumo sokubuyiselwa kubushushu, kufuneka kusetyenziswe ii-surfactants. Ukufaka i-foam kwiqula le-injection yomphunga, oko kukuthi, ukufaka i-agent ye-foam enganyangekiyo kubushushu obuphezulu kunye negesi engavuthiyo, yenye yeendlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zokuguqula.
Iiarhente zokufutha ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zii-alkyl benzene sulfonates, ii-α-olefin sulfonates, ii-petroleum sulfonates, ii-sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers kunye nee-sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, njl. Ngenxa yokuba ii-surfactants ezine-fluorinated zinomsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu kwaye zizinzile kwii-asidi, ii-alkalis, ioksijini, ubushushu kunye neoyile, zezona arhente zifanelekileyo zokufutha ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Ukuze ioyile esasazekileyo idlule ngokulula kwisakhiwo somqala we-pore, okanye ukwenza ioyile kumphezulu womphezulu womphezulu ikhutshwe lula, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa i-surfactant ebizwa ngokuba yi-film diffusing agent. Esetyenziswa rhoqo yi-oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surface activity agent.
- Izinto zokufakelwa ii-surfactants zokumba i-oyile eluhlaza ene-wax
Ukusetyenziswa kweoyile eluhlaza ene-wax kufuna ukuthintela i-wax rhoqo kunye nokususwa kwe-wax. Ii-surfactants zisebenza njengezithinteli ze-wax kunye nezisusa i-wax. Kukho ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwioyile kunye nee-surfactants ezinyibilikayo emanzini ezisetyenziselwa ukulwa ne-wax. Eyokuqala idlala indima yokulwa ne-wax ngokutshintsha iipropati zomphezulu wekristale ye-wax. Ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwioyile ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zii-petroleum sulfonates kunye nee-amine surfactants. Ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo emanzini zidlala indima yokulwa ne-wax ngokutshintsha iipropati zomphezulu owenziwe nge-wax (ezifana neepayipi zeoyile, iintonga ze-sucker kunye neendawo zezixhobo). Ii-surfactants ezikhoyo ziquka i-sodium alkyl sulfonates, ii-quaternary ammonium salts, ii-alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, ii-aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers kunye nee-sulfonate sodium salts zazo, njl. Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziselwa ukususa i-wax nazo zahlulwe zibe ziinkalo ezimbini. Ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwioyile zisetyenziselwa ukususa i-wax esekelwe kwioyile, kunye ne-sulfonate enyibilikayo emanzini, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-quaternary ammonium, uhlobo lwe-polyether, uhlobo lwe-Tween, ii-surfactants zohlobo lwe-OP, uhlobo olucwangcisiweyo olusekelwe kwi-sulfate okanye i-sulfo-alkylated flat-type kunye nohlobo lwe-OP.i-surfactantIi-s zisetyenziswa kwii-wax removers ezisekelwe emanzini. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-wax removers zasekhaya nezangaphandle ziye zadityaniswa ngokwendalo, kwaye ii-wax removers ezisekelwe kwi-oyile kunye nee-wax removers ezisekelwe emanzini ziye zadityaniswa ngokwendalo ukuvelisa ii-wax removers ezixutyiweyo. Le wax remover isebenzisa ii-hydrocarbons ezinuka kamnandi kunye nee-hydrocarbons ezixutyiweyo njenge-oyile phase, kwaye isebenzisa i-emulsifier ene-wax clearing effect njenge-water phase. Xa i-emulsifier ekhethiweyo iyi-surfactant engeyiyoni ene-cloud point efanelekileyo, ubushushu obungaphantsi kwe-wax candelo le-oyile qula bunokufikelela okanye budlule i-cloud point yalo, ukuze i-wax remover exutyiweyo ikwazi. I-emulsification iyaphulwa ngaphambi kokuba ingene kwicandelo elenza i-wax, kwaye ii-agents ezimbini zokucoca i-wax ziyahlulwa, ezidlala indima yokucoca i-wax ngaxeshanye.
3. Ii-surfactantsisetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa udongwe
Udongwe oluzinzisayo lwahlulwe ngeendlela ezimbini: ukuthintela ukwanda kweeminerali zodongwe kunye nokuthintela ukufuduka kweenxalenye zeeminerali zodongwe. Ii-surfactants ze-cationic ezifana nohlobo lwetyuwa ye-amine, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-quaternary ammonium, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-pyridinium, kunye netyuwa ye-imidazoline zinokusetyenziswa ukuthintela ukudumba kodongwe. Ii-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic-cationic ezine-fluorine ziyafumaneka ukuthintela ukufuduka kweenxalenye zeeminerali zodongwe.
4. Ii-surfactantsisetyenziswa kwiindlela zokulinganisa i-acidification
Ukuze kuphuculwe isiphumo se-acidification, iindidi ezahlukeneyo zongezwa kwisisombululo se-asidi. Nasiphi na i-surfactant ehambelana nesisombululo se-asidi kwaye ifunxwa lula kukwakheka kwayo ingasetyenziswa njenge-acidification retardant. Ezifana ne-fatty amine hydrochloride, ityuwa ye-quaternary ammonium, ityuwa ye-pyridine kwi-cationic surfactants kunye ne-sulfonated, i-carboxymethylated, i-phosphate ester salted okanye i-sulfate ester salted polyoxyethylene alkanes kwi-amphoteric surfactants base phenol ether, njl. Ezinye ii-surfactants, ezifana ne-dodecyl sulfonic acid kunye ne-alkylamine salts zayo, zinokuxubha ulwelo lwe-asidi kwioyile ukuvelisa i-acid-in-oyile emulsion. Le emulsion ingasetyenziswa njengolwelo lwemizi-mveliso oluxutywe ne-asidi kwaye idlala indima yokurhoxisa.
Ezinye ii-surfactants zingasetyenziswa njenge-anti-emulsifiers kwizinto ezibangela i-asidi. Ii-surfactants ezinezakhiwo ezinamasebe ezifana ne-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether kunye ne-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene pentaethylene hexamine zingasetyenziswa njenge-anti-emulsifiers ezenza i-asidi.
Ezinye ii-surfactants zingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokuncedisa ukukhupha amanzi ezingena-asidi. Ii-surfactants ezinokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokuncedisa ukukhupha amanzi ziquka uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-amine, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-quaternary ammonium, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-pyridinium, ii-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic, i-amphoteric kunye ne-fluorine.
Ezinye ii-surfactants zingasetyenziswa njengee-arhente ezithintela ukudaka ezifaka i-asidi, ezifana nee-surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwioyile, ezifana nee-alkylphenols, ii-fatty acids, ii-alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, ii-quaternary ammonium salts, njl. Ngenxa yokuba zinyibilika kancinci kwi-asidi, ii-surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic zingasetyenziselwa ukuzisasaza kwisisombululo se-asidi.
Ukuze kuphuculwe isiphumo se-acidification, kufuneka kongezwe i-wetting reversal agent kwisisombululo se-asidi ukuze kuguqulwe ukumanzi kwe-near-wellbore zone ukusuka kwi-lipophilic ukuya kwi-hydrophilic. Iingxube ze-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers kunye ne-phosphate-salted polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers zifunxwa yi-formation ukuze zenze umaleko wesithathu we-adsorption, odlala indima ekumanziseni nasekujikeni.
Ukongeza, kukho ezinye izinto ezibangela ukuba izinto zibe mdaka, ezifana ne-fatty amine hydrochloride, ityuwa ye-quaternary ammonium okanye i-nonionic-anionic surfactant, ezisetyenziswa njengee-agents ezikhupha amagwebu ukwenza ulwelo olusebenzayo lwe-foam acid ukufezekisa injongo yokunciphisa ukugqwala kunye ne-acidification enzulu, okanye ii-Foams zenziwa ngale nto kwaye zisetyenziswa njenge-pre-fluid yokwenza i-acidification. Emva kokuba zifakwe kwi-formation, isisombululo se-asidi siyafakwa. Isiphumo seJamin esiveliswa ngamaqamza kwi-foam sinokuguqula ulwelo lwe-asidi, sinyanzele ulwelo lwe-asidi ukuba lunyibilikise umaleko ophantsi wokungena, ngaloo ndlela siphucula isiphumo se-asidi.
5. Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kumanyathelo okuqhekeza
Iindlela zokuqhekeka zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwiindawo zeoyile ezingangenisi manzi kangako. Zisebenzisa uxinzelelo ukuvula ukwakheka ukuze zenze ukwaphuka, kwaye zisebenzisa i-proppant ukuxhasa ukwaphuka ukuze kuncitshiswe ukumelana nokuhamba kolwelo kwaye kufezekiswe injongo yokwandisa imveliso kunye nengqalelo. Ezinye ii-fracturing fluids zenziwe ngee-surfactants njengenye yezithako.
Ii-oyile-in-water fracturing fluids zenziwe ngamanzi, ioyile kunye nee-emulsifiers. Ii-emulsifiers ezisetyenziswayo zii-ionic, i-nonionic kunye ne-amphoteric surfactants. Ukuba amanzi aqinileyo asetyenziswa njenge-external phase kwaye ioyile isetyenziswa njenge-internal phase, i-oyile-in-water fracturing fluid eqinisiweyo (i-polymer emulsion) ingalungiswa. Olu fluid lwe-fracturing lungasetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-160°C kwaye lunokuqhekeza ngokuzenzekelayo ii-emulsions kwaye lukhuphe amanzi.
Ulwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-foam lulwelo lokuqhekeka olusebenzisa amanzi njengendawo yokusasazeka kunye negesi njengesigaba sokusasazeka. Izinto eziphambili zalo ngamanzi, igesi kunye ne-agent yokufutha. Ii-alkyl sulfonates, ii-alkyl benzene sulfonates, ii-alkyl sulfate ester salts, ii-quaternary ammonium salts kunye nee-OP surfactants zonke zingasetyenziswa njengee-agent zokufutha. Uxinzelelo lwe-agent yokufutha emanzini ngokubanzi yi-0.5-2%, kwaye umlinganiselo womthamo wesigaba segesi ukuya kumthamo we-foam ukwinqanaba le-0.5-0.9.
Ulwelo lokuqhekeka olusekwe kwioyile lulwelo lokuqhekeka olwenziwe ngeoyile njengesinyibilikisi okanye indawo yokusasazwa. Eyona oyile isetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yioyile ekrwada okanye inxalenye yayo enzima. Ukuze kuphuculwe i-viscosity yayo kunye neempawu zobushushu, kufuneka kongezwe i-petroleum sulfonate enyibilikayo kwioyile (ubunzima bemolekyuli 300-750). Ulwelo lokuqhekeka olusekwe kwioyile lukwaquka ulwelo lokuqhekeka olusemanzini kwioyile kunye nolwelo lokuqhekeka kwefoam yeoyile. Ii-emulsifiers ezisetyenziswa kwindawo yokuqala zii-anionic surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwioyile, ii-cationic surfactants kunye nee-nonionic surfactants, ngelixa iziqinisi zefoam ezisetyenziswa kwindawo yokugqibela zii-polymer surfactants ezine-fluorine.
Ulwelo lokuqhekeka oluvela emanzini lusebenzisa umxube wotywala (olufana ne-ethylene glycol) kunye neoyile (efana ne-kerosene) njengesixhobo sokusasazwa, i-carbon dioxide engamanzi njengesigaba esisasazekileyo, kunye ne-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether ene-sulfate-salted njenge-emulsifier. Okanye i-emulsion okanye i-foam eyenziwe nge-ejenti yokufutha ukuze kuqhekeke ukwakheka okubuthathaka emanzini.
Ulwelo lokuqhekeka olusetyenziselwa ukuqhekeka kunye nokufaka iasidi lulwelo lokuqhekeka kunye nolwelo olufaka iasidi. Lusetyenziswa kwizakhiwo ze-carbonate, kwaye la manyathelo mabini enziwa ngaxeshanye. Okunxulumene ne-surfactants yi-acid foam kunye ne-acid emulsion. Eyokuqala isebenzisa i-alkyl sulfonate okanye i-alkyl benzene sulfonate njenge-agent yokufutha, kwaye eyesibini isebenzisa i-sulfonate surfactant njenge-emulsifier. Njenge-acidifying fluids, i-fracturing fluids ikwasebenzisa ii-surfactants njenge-anti-emulsifiers, i-drainage aids kunye ne-wetting reversal agents, ezingayi kuxoxwa ngazo apha.
6. Sebenzisa ii-surfactants ukulawula iprofayili kunye neendlela zokuthintela amanzi
Ukuze kuphuculwe isiphumo sophuhliso lokujova amanzi kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokunyuka komthamo wamanzi eoli ekrwada, kuyimfuneko ukulungisa iprofayili yokufunxa amanzi kwimigodi yokujova amanzi kunye nokwandisa imveliso ngokuvala amanzi kwimigodi yokuvelisa. Ezinye zeendlela zokulawula iprofayili kunye neendlela zokuvala amanzi zihlala zisebenzisa ezinye izinto ezibangela ukuba amanzi ajike.
I-arhente yokulawula iprofayili yejeli ye-HPC/SDS yenziwe nge-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) kunye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) emanzini amatsha.
I-sodium alkyl sulfonate kunye ne-alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride ziyanyibilika emanzini ngokulandelelanayo ukuze kulungiswe ulwelo olusebenzayo olubini, olufakwa kwisakhiwo esinye emva kwesinye. Ulwelo olusebenzayo olubini luyasebenzisana kwisakhiwo ukuvelisa i-alkyl trimethylamine. I-sulfite iyathintela kwaye ivale umaleko ophezulu wokuvuleka.
Ii-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, ii-alkyl aryl sulfonates, njl. zingasetyenziswa njengee-agents ezikhupha amagwebu, zinyibilikiswe emanzini ukulungiselela ulwelo olusebenzayo, zize emva koko zifakwe kwisakhiwo ngokutshintshiselana nolwelo olusebenzayo lwe-carbon dioxide, kanye kwisakhiwo (ngokuyintloko phezulu Umaleko ongena emanzini) wenza igwebu, uvelise ukuvaleka, kwaye udlala indima kulawulo lweprofayili.
Ukusebenzisa i-quaternary ammonium surfactant njenge-agent ye-foam enyibilikiswe kwi-silicic acid sol eyenziwe yi-ammonium sulfate kunye neglasi yamanzi ize ifakwe kwi-formation, ize emva koko ifakwe igesi engenakucola (igesi yendalo okanye i-chlorine), ifom esekelwe kulwelo ingenziwa kwi-formation kuqala. I-foam kwi-dispersion interlayer, ilandelwe yi-gelation ye-silicic acid sol, ivelisa i-foam ene-solid njenge-dispersion medium, edlala indima yokuxhuma i-high permeability layer kunye nokulawula iprofayili.
Ukusebenzisa ii-sulfonate surfactants njengee-agents ezikhupha amagwebu kunye nee-polymer compounds njenge-thickening foam stabilizers, uze ufake igesi okanye izinto ezivelisa igesi, i-foam esekelwe emanzini iveliswa emhlabeni okanye xa ikwimo. Le foam isebenza ngaphezulu kwi-oyile. Inani elikhulu le-arhente lihamba liye kwi-interface ye-oyile namanzi, nto leyo ebangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-foam, ngoko ke ayivimbi i-oyile. Yi-arhente ekhethayo nethintela amanzi kwi-oyile.
I-arhente yokuthintela amanzi esamente esekelwe kwioyile yi-suspension yesamente kwioyile. Umphezulu wesamente uyanyibilika emanzini. Xa ingena kumaleko ovelisa amanzi, amanzi asusa unxibelelwano phakathi komthombo weoyile kunye nesamente kumphezulu wesamente, nto leyo ebangela ukuba isamente iqine kwaye ivale umaleko ovelisa amanzi. Ukuze kuphuculwe ukutyibilika kwale arhente yokuxhuma, ii-carboxylate kunye ne-sulfonate surfactants zihlala zongezwa.
I-arhente yokuthintela amanzi enyibilikayo emanzini e-micellar sisisombululo se-micellar esenziwe ikakhulu yi-petroleum ammonium sulfonate, ii-hydrocarbons kunye nee-alcohols. Iqulethe amanzi anetyuwa eninzi ekwakhiweni kwayo kwaye iba krakra ukuze ifikelele kwisiphumo sokuthintela amanzi.
Isisombululo se-cationic surfactant esisekelwe emanzini okanye kwi-oyile esithintela amanzi sisekelwe kwi-alkyl carboxylate kunye ne-alkyl ammonium chloride salt agents ezisebenzayo kwaye zifanelekile kuphela kwizakhiwo zesanti.
I-arhente esebenzayo yokuthintela amanzi kwi-oyile enzima luhlobo lwe-oyile enzima enyibilikiswe nge-emulsifier yamanzi kwi-oyile. Ivelisa i-emulsion yamanzi kwi-oyile ekrakra kakhulu emva kokuba ukwakheka kwayo kususwe amanzi ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokuthintela amanzi.
I-arhente yokuthintela amanzi e-oyile emanzini ilungiswa ngokuxubha i-oyile enzima emanzini kusetyenziswa i-cationic surfactant njenge-emulsifier ye-oyile emanzini.
7. Sebenzisa ii-surfactants kumanyathelo okulawula isanti
Ngaphambi kokusebenza kolawulo lwesanti, inani elithile lamanzi asebenzayo alungiselelwe ngee-surfactants kufuneka afakwe njenge-pre-fluid ukuze kucocwe ukwakheka kwangaphambili ukuphucula impembelelo yolawulo lwesanti. Okwangoku, ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zii-anionic surfactants.
8. I-Surfactant yokuphelisa amanzi kwi-oyile eluhlaza
Kwinqanaba lokuqala nelesibini lokubuyisela ioyile, ii-demulsifiers zamanzi kwioyile zihlala zisetyenziswa kwioyile ekrwada ekhutshiweyo. Kuye kwaveliswa izizukulwana ezithathu zeemveliso. Isizukulwana sokuqala yi-carboxylate, i-sulfate kunye ne-sulfonate. Isizukulwana sesibini yi-surfactants ezingezizo ii-molecule eziphantsi ezifana ne-OP, i-Pingpingjia kunye ne-sulfonated castor oil. Isizukulwana sesithathu yi-polymer nonionic surfactant.
Kwizigaba zokugqibela zokubuyiswa kweoyile yesibini kunye nokubuyiswa kweoyile yesithathu, ioyile ekrwada eveliswayo ifumaneka ikakhulu ngohlobo lwe-emulsion yeoyile emanzini. Kukho iintlobo ezine ze-demulsifiers ezisetyenziswayo, ezifana ne-tetradecyltrimethyloxyammonium chloride kunye ne-didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Zingasabela kunye ne-anionic emulsifiers ukutshintsha ixabiso lazo le-hydrophilic oil balance, okanye zifakwe kumphezulu wee-particles zodongwe ezimanzi ngamanzi, zitshintshe ukumanzi kwazo kwaye zitshabalalise i-oyile emanzini. Ukongeza, ezinye ii-surfactants ze-anionic kunye ne-nonionic surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwioyile ezinokusetyenziswa njenge-emulsifiers zamanzi kwioyile nazo zingasetyenziswa njenge-demulsifiers ze-oyile emanzini.
- Izinto zokucoca amanzi
Emva kokuba ulwelo lokuvelisa ioyile luhlulwe kwioyile ekrwada, amanzi avelisiweyo kufuneka aphathwe ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokuphinda afakwe. Kukho iinjongo ezintandathu zokunyanga amanzi, ezizezi: ukuthintela ukugqwala, ukuthintela isikali, ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukususwa kweoksijini, ukususwa kweoyile kunye nokususwa kwezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa izinto ezithintela ukugqwala, izinto ezilwa nokukhula, izinto ezibulala iintsholongwane, izinto ezisusa iigesi, izinto ezisusa iigesi kunye nezinto ezikhupha iigesi, njl. Ezi zinto zilandelayo zibandakanya izinto ezibangela ukugqwala kwimizi-mveliso:
Ii-surfactants zoshishino ezisetyenziswa njengezithinteli zokugqwala ziquka iityuwa ze-alkyl sulfonic acid, i-alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, i-perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, iityuwa ze-alkyl amine ezi-linear, iityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium, kunye neetyuwa ze-alkyl pyridine. , iityuwa ze-imidazoline kunye ne-derivatives zayo, ii-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, i-polyoxyethylene dialkyl propargyl alcohol, i-polyoxyethylene rosin amine, i-polyoxyethylene stearylamine kunye ne-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers. I-Alkyl sulfonate, iityuwa ezahlukeneyo ze-quaternary ammonium zangaphakathi, iityuwa zangaphakathi ze-di(polyoxyethylene)alkyl kunye ne-derivatives zazo.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa njengezinto ezithintela ukungcola ziquka iityuwa ze-phosphate ester, iityuwa ze-sulfate ester, ii-acetate, ii-carboxylates kunye neekhompawundi zazo ze-polyoxyethylene. Ukuzinza kobushushu beetyuwa ze-sulfonate ester kunye neetyuwa ze-carboxylate kungcono kakhulu kunokweetyuwa ze-phosphate ester kunye neetyuwa ze-sulfate ester.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-industrial surfactants ezisetyenziswa kwi-fungicides ziquka ii-linear alkylamine salts, ii-quaternary ammonium salts, ii-alkylpyridinium salts, ii-salts ze-imidazoline kunye ne-derivatives zayo, ii-quaternary ammonium salts ezahlukeneyo, ii-di(polyoxy) Vinyl alkyl kunye nee-internal salts ze-derivatives zayo.
Ii-surfactants zoshishino ezisetyenziswa kwi-degreasers ikakhulu zii-surfactants ezinezakhiwo ezinamasebe kunye namaqela e-sodium dithiocarboxylate.
10. I-surfactant yokukhukula ioyile yeekhemikhali
Ukubuyiswa kweoyile yokuqala neyesibini kunokubuyisela i-25%-50% yeoyile engcolileyo engaphantsi komhlaba, kodwa kusekho ioyile eninzi engcolileyo ehlala phantsi komhlaba kwaye ayinakufunyanwa. Ukwenza ukubuyiswa kweoyile yesithathu kunokuphucula ukubuyiswa kweoyile engcolileyo. Ukubuyiswa kweoyile yesithathu kusetyenziswa kakhulu indlela yokukhukula ngamakhemikhali, oko kukuthi, ukongeza ezinye iikhemikhali emanzini afakwe amanzi ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhukula kwamanzi. Phakathi kweekhemikhali ezisetyenzisiweyo, ezinye zii-surfactants zoshishino. Intshayelelo emfutshane kuzo yile ilandelayo:
Indlela yokukhukula ioyile yekhemikhali esebenzisa i-surfactant njengesixhobo esiphambili ibizwa ngokuba yi-surfactant flooding. Ii-surfactants ikakhulu zidlala indima ekuphuculeni ukubuyiswa kweoyile ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-interfacial phakathi kweoyile namanzi kunye nokwandisa inani lee-capillaries. Ekubeni umphezulu wokwakheka kwelitye lesanti une-negative chaji, ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswayo ikakhulu zii-anionic surfactants, kwaye uninzi lwazo zii-sulfonate surfactants. Yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-sulfonating agent (efana ne-sulfur trioxide) ukuze i-sulfonate iinxalenye zepetroleum ezinomxholo ophezulu we-hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, ize emva koko izinciphise nge-alkali. Iinkcukacha zayo: into esebenzayo 50%-80%, ioyile yeminerali 5%-30%, amanzi 2%-20%, i-sodium sulfate 1%-6%. I-petroleum sulfonate ayimelani nobushushu, ityuwa, okanye ii-ion zesinyithi ezibiza kakhulu. Ii-sulfonates zokwenziwa zilungiswa kwii-hydrocarbons ezihambelanayo kusetyenziswa iindlela zokwenziwa ezihambelanayo. Phakathi kwazo, i-α-olefin sulfonate imelana ngakumbi netyuwa kunye nee-ion zesinyithi eziphezulu. Ezinye ii-surfactants ze-anionic-nonionic kunye nee-surfactants ze-carboxylate nazo zingasetyenziselwa ukufuduka kweoyile. Ukufuduka kweoyile ye-surfactant kufuna iintlobo ezimbini zezongezo: enye yi-co-surfactant, efana ne-isobutanol, i-diethylene glycol butyl ether, i-urea, i-sulfolane, i-alkenylene benzene sulfonate, njl.njl., kwaye enye yi-dielectric, kubandakanya i-acid kunye ne-alkali salts, ikakhulu iityuwa, ezinokunciphisa i-hydrophilicity ye-surfactant kwaye zonyuse i-lipophilicity, kwaye zitshintshe ixabiso lebhalansi ye-hydrophilic-lipophilic ye-agent esebenzayo. Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukulahleka kwe-surfactant kunye nokuphucula iziphumo zoqoqosho, ukukhukula kwe-surfactant kusebenzisa iikhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba zii-sacrificial agents. Izinto ezinokusetyenziswa njengee-sacrificial agents ziquka izinto ze-alkaline kunye ne-polycarboxylic acids kunye neetyuwa zazo. Ii-oligomers kunye nee-polymers nazo zingasetyenziswa njengee-sacrificial agents. Ii-Lignosulfonates kunye notshintsho lwazo zii-sacrificial agents.
Indlela yokufuduka kweoyile kusetyenziswa ii-agent eziphambili ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zokufuduka kweoyile yeekhemikhali ibizwa ngokuba yi-composite flooding. Le ndlela yokufuduka kweoyile enxulumene ne-surfactants ibandakanya: ukukhukhula kwe-surfactant kunye ne-polymer thickened surfactant; ukukhukhula kwe-surfactant ephuculweyo ye-alkali kunye ne-surfactant okanye i-surfactant ephuculweyo ye-alkali; ukukhukhula kwe-composite okusekwe kwi-element kunye ne-alkali + surfactant + polymer. Ukukhukhula kwe-composite ngokubanzi kuneempawu zokubuyisela eziphezulu kune-single drive. Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwangoku lweendlela zophuhliso ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukukhukhula kwe-ternary compound kuneengenelo eziphezulu kune-binary compound flooding. Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kwi-ternary composite flooding ikakhulu zii-petroleum sulfonates, zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye ne-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid kunye ne-carboxylates ze-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, kunye ne-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate sodium salts. njl. ukuphucula ukunyamezela kwayo ityuwa. Kutshanje, ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, uphando nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-rhamnolipid, umhluzi we-sophorolipid fermentation, njl.njl., kunye nee-carboxylates zendalo ezixutyiweyo kunye ne-alkali lignin eyenziwe ngephepha, njl.njl., ziye zafumana iziphumo ezintle kwiimvavanyo zasentsimini nangaphakathi. Isiphumo esihle sokufuduswa kweoyile.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-26-2023