Zithini ii-biosurfactants?

Ii-Biosurfactants zii-metabolites ezikhutshwa zii-microorganisms ngexesha leenkqubo zazo ze-metabolic phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokulima. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants ezenziwe ngeekhemikhali, ii-biosurfactants zineempawu ezininzi ezikhethekileyo, ezinje ngokwahlukana kwesakhiwo, ukubola kwe-bio, umsebenzi obanzi webhayoloji, kunye nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nokufumaneka kwezinto eziluhlaza, iindleko, kunye nemida yokusebenza kwee-surfactants ezenziweyo—kunye nokuthambekela kwazo kokubangela ungcoliseko olukhulu lokusingqongileyo kunye nokubeka umngcipheko kwimpilo yabantu ngexesha lokuveliswa nokusetyenziswa—uphando malunga nee-biosurfactants lukhule kakhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo njengoko ulwazi ngokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo luye lwanda. Eli candelo liye laphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza, kunye neepatenti ezininzi ezifakwe kwihlabathi liphela kwii-biosurfactants ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zazo zokuvelisa. E-China, uphando luye lwagxila kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwee-biosurfactants ekuphuculeni ukubuyiswa kweoyile kunye nokulungiswa kwe-bio.

1. Iintlobo zeeBiosurfactants kunye neeNtshontsho zokuvelisa

1.1 Iintlobo zeeBiosurfactants

Ii-surfactants ezenziwe ngeekhemikhali zihlala zahlulwahlulwa ngokusekelwe kumaqela azo e-polar, ngelixa ii-biosurfactants zahlulwahlulwa ngokweempawu zazo ze-biochemical kunye nee-microorganisms ezivelisayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezintlanu: ii-glycolipids, ii-phospholipids kunye nee-fatty acids, ii-lipopeptides kunye nee-lipoproteins, ii-polymeric surfactants, kunye nee-surfactants ezikhethekileyo.

1.2 Ukuvelisa iintlobo zee-Biosurfactants

Uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo ezibangela ukungcola ziimetabolites zebhaktheriya, igwele, kunye nefungi. Ezi ntlobo zivelisayo zihlolwe kakhulu kumachibi, umhlaba, okanye iindawo zaselwandle ezineoyile.

2. Ukuveliswa kweeBiosurfactants

Okwangoku, ii-biosurfactants zinokuveliswa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: ukubiliswa kweentsholongwane kunye nokwenziwa kwe-enzyme.

Kwi-fermentation, uhlobo kunye nemveliso ye-biosurfactants ixhomekeke kakhulu kuhlobo lwe-microorganism, inqanaba lokukhula kwayo, uhlobo lwe-carbon substrate, ubuninzi be-N, P, kunye nee-ion zesinyithi (ezifana ne-Mg²⁺ kunye ne-Fe²⁺) kwindawo yokulima, kunye neemeko zokulima (pH, ubushushu, isantya sokuvuthuza, njl.njl.). Iingenelo ze-fermentation ziquka iindleko zemveliso eziphantsi, ulwahlulo lweemveliso, kunye neenkqubo ezilula, ezenza ukuba ifaneleke kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso emikhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zokwahlula kunye nokucoca zinokuba phezulu.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-surfactants ezenziwe nge-enzyme zihlala zinezakhiwo ze-molecular ezilula kodwa zibonisa umsebenzi ogqwesileyo womphezulu. Iingenelo zendlela ye-enzyme ziquka iindleko eziphantsi zokukhupha, ukulula kokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, ukucocwa okulula, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwee-enzymes ezingenakushukunyiswa. Ukongeza, ii-surfactants ezenziwe nge-enzyme zinokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimveliso ezinexabiso eliphezulu, ezifana nezixhobo zamayeza. Nangona iindleko zee-enzyme ziphezulu okwangoku, inkqubela phambili kubunjineli bemfuza ukuphucula uzinzo lwee-enzyme kunye nomsebenzi kulindeleke ukuba inciphise iindleko zemveliso.