Ii-amines ezinamafutha zibhekisa kudidi olubanzi lwee-organic amine compounds ezinobude be-carbon chain ukusuka kwi-C8 ukuya kwi-C22. Njengee-amines eziqhelekileyo, zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezine eziphambili: ii-amines eziphambili, ii-amines zesibini, ii-amines zesithathu, kunye nee-polyamines. Umahluko phakathi kwee-amines eziphambili, zesibini, kunye nezesithathu uxhomekeke kwinani lee-athomu ze-hydrogen kwi-ammonia ezithathelwa indawo ngamaqela e-alkyl.
Ii-amines ezinamafutha zizinto eziphilayo ezivela kwi-ammonia. Ii-amines ezinamafutha ezimfutshane (C8-10) zibonisa ukunyibilika okuthile emanzini, ngelixa ii-amines ezinamafutha ezinde zihlala zinganyibiliki emanzini kwaye zikhona njengolwelo okanye izinto eziqinileyo kubushushu begumbi. Zineempawu ezisisiseko kwaye, njengeziseko ze-organic, zinokucaphukisa kwaye zitshabalalise ulusu kunye nee-membranes ze-mucous.
Ngokuyintloko iveliswa ngokuphendula kwe-fatty alcohols kunye ne-dimethylamine ukuvelisa i-monoalkyldimethyl tertiary amines, ukuphendulwa kwe-fatty alcohols kunye ne-monomethylamine ukwenza i-dialkylmethyl tertiary amines, kunye nokuphendulwa kwe-fatty alcohols kunye ne-ammonia ukuvelisa i-trialkyl tertiary amines.
Le nkqubo iqala ngokusabela kwe-fatty acids kunye ne-ammonia ukuvelisa i-fatty nitriles, ezithi emva koko zibe yi-hydrogenated ukuze zivelise i-primary okanye secondary fatty amines. Ezi amines ziphambili okanye zesibini zenza i-hydrogendimethylation ukuze zenze i-tertiary amines. Ii-primary amines, emva kwe-cyanoethylation kunye ne-hydrogenation, zinokuguqulwa zibe yi-diamines. Ii-Diamines zenza i-cyanoethylation kunye ne-hydrogenation ukuze zivelise ii-triamines, ezinokuthi emva koko ziguqulwe zibe yi-tetramines ngokusebenzisa i-cyanoethylation eyongezelelweyo kunye ne-hydrogenation.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Fatty Amines
Ii-amine eziphambili zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokuthintela ukugqwala, izinto zokuthambisa, izinto zokukhulula isikhunta, izongezo zeoyile, izongezo zokulungisa umbala, izinto zokutyebisa, izinto ezimanzisa, izinto ezithintela uthuli lwesichumisi, izongezo zeoyile yenjini, izinto zokuthintela ukugabha, izinto zobumba, izinto ezibangela ukudada, izinto ezithambisa izixhobo, izinto ezithintela amanzi, izinto zokuthintela ukungenwa kwamanzi, izinto zokuthintela ukugqwala, izinto ezibangela ukubila, izinto ezibangela ukubila, izinto ezibangela ukubila, izinto ezibangela ukubila kwamanzi, izinto zokuthintela ukungenwa kwamanzi, izinto ezibangela i-wax emulsion, nezinye izinto.
Ii-amine eziphambili ezinekhabhoni ephezulu, ezifana ne-octadecylamine, zisebenza njengee-arhente zokukhulula isikhunta kwirabha eqinileyo kunye neefoam ze-polyurethane. I-Dodecylamine isetyenziswa ekuvuseleleni irabha zendalo nezenziweyo, njenge-surfactant kwizisombululo ze-tin-plating zeekhemikhali, kunye ne-reductive amination ye-isomaltose ukuvelisa i-malt derivatives. I-Oleylamine isetyenziswa njenge-additive ye-diesel fuel.
Ukuveliswa kweeCationic Surfactants
Ii-amine eziphambili kunye neetyuwa zazo zisebenza njengee-arhente ezisebenzayo zokudada i-ore, ii-arhente ezichasene nokugabha izichumisi okanye iziqhushumbisi, ii-arhente zokuthintela amanzi ephepha, izithinteli zokugqwala, izongezo ze-lubricant, ii-biocides kwishishini le-petroleum, izongezo ze-fuels kunye ne-petroli, ii-arhente zokucoca nge-elektroniki, ii-emulsifiers, kunye nokuveliswa kodongwe lwe-organometallic kunye nezongezo zokucubungula i-pigment. Zikwasetyenziswa ekucoceni amanzi kunye njengee-arhente zokubumba. Ii-amine eziphambili zingasetyenziswa ukuvelisa ii-emulsifiers ze-asphalt ze-quaternary ammonium salt-type, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kweendlela eziphezulu, ukunciphisa amandla okusebenza kunye nokwandisa ubomi bendlela.
Ukuveliswa kweeNonionic Surfactants
Ii-adducts ze-fatty primary amines ezine-ethylene oxide zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengee-antistatic agents kwishishini leeplastiki. Ii-ethoxylated amines, ezinganyibilikiyo kwiiplastiki, ziyahamba ziye kumphezulu, apho zifunxa khona umswakama womoya, nto leyo eyenza umphezulu weplastiki ungashukumi.
Ukuveliswa kwee-Amphoteric Surfactants
I-Dodecylamine isabela kwi-methyl acrylate ize ifumane i-saponification kunye ne-neutralization ukuze ivelise i-N-dodecyl-β-alanine. Ezi surfactants zibonakaliswa zizisombululo zazo zamanzi ezikhanyayo okanye ezingenambala, ukunyibilika okuphezulu emanzini okanye kwi-ethanol, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ukunyamezela amanzi aqinileyo, ukurhawuzelelwa kancinci kwesikhumba, kunye nobuthi obuphantsi. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuquka ii-agents ezikhupha amagwebu, ii-emulsifiers, ii-corrosion inhibitors, ii-detergents zolwelo, ii-shampoos, ii-hair conditioners, ii-softeners, kunye nee-antistatic agents.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-20-2025