Ziziphi ii-amines ezinamafutha, kwaye zithini izicelo zabo

I-amines enamafutha ibhekisela kudidi olubanzi lwe-organic amine compounds kunye nobude be-carbon chain chain ukusuka kwi-C8 ukuya kwi-C22. Njengama-amine aqhelekileyo, ahlelwa kwiindidi ezine eziphambili: ii-amines eziphambili, ii-amines zesibini, i-tertiary amines, kunye ne-polyamines. Umahluko phakathi kwee-amine eziziiprayimari, eziziisekondari, neziphakamileyo zixhomekeke kwinani leathom ze-hydrogen kwi-ammonia ezithatyathelwa indawo ngamaqela e-alkyl.

Iiamines ezinamafutha ziphuma kwi-ammonia. I-Short-chain fatty amines (C8-10) ibonisa ukunyibilika okuthile emanzini, kanti i-long-chain fatty amines ayinyibiliki ngokubanzi emanzini kwaye ikhona njengolwelo okanye izinto eziqinileyo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Zineempawu ezisisiseko kwaye, njengeziseko ze-organic, zinokucaphukisa kwaye zonakalisa ulusu kunye ne-mucous membranes.

Iveliswa ikakhulu ngokusabela kotywala obunamafutha kunye ne-dimethylamine ukuvelisa i-monoalkyldimethyl tertiary amines, ukusabela kotywala obunamafutha nge-monomethylamine ukwenza i-dialkylmethyl tertiary amines, kunye nokusabela kotywala obunamafutha nge-ammonia ukuvelisa i-trialkyl tertiary amines.

Inkqubo iqala ngokusabela kwe-acids ezinamafutha kunye ne-ammonia ukuvelisa i-nitriles enamafutha, ethi ke i-hydrogenated ivelise i-amines yamanqatha yokuqala okanye yesibini. Ezi zi-amine eziphambili okanye zesibini zifumana i-hydrogendimethylation ukwenza i-amines ephezulu. I-amines eziphambili, emva kwe-cyanoethylation kunye ne-hydrogenation, inokuguqulwa ibe yi-diamines. I-diamines iqhubela phambili i-cyanoethylation kunye ne-hydrogenation ukuvelisa i-triamines, enokuthi iguqulwe ibe yi-tetramines nge-cyanoethylation eyongezelelweyo kunye ne-hydrogenation.

Ukusetyenziswa kweFatty Amines

I-amines eziphambili zisetyenziswa njenge-corrosion inhibitors, i-lubricants, i-ejenti yokukhululwa kwe-mold, izongezo ze-oyile, izongezo ze-pigment processing, i-thickeners, i-ejenti yokumanzisa, izichumisi zothuli, i-oyile ye-injini, i-agent anti-caking agents, i-arhente yokubumba, i-agent flotation, i-lubricants ye-gear, i-hydrophobic agents, i-wax-emulator, i-wax engaphezulu, i-wax kunye ne-emulator yokukhusela amanzi.

Ii-amine eziphambili ezinekhabhoni ephezulu, ezifana ne-octadecylamine, zisebenza njengeejenti zokukhulula irabha eqinile kunye namagwebu e-polyurethane. I-Dodecylamine isetyenziselwa ukuvuselelwa kweerubha zendalo kunye nezokwenziwa, njenge-surfactant kwizisombululo ze-tin-plating zemichiza, kunye ne-amination yokunciphisa i-isomaltose ukuvelisa i-malt derivatives. IOleylamine isetyenziswa njengedizili yokongeza amafutha.

Ukuveliswa kweCationic Surfactants

I-amines eziphambili kunye neetyuwa zazo zisebenza njenge-ore flotation agents, i-anti-caking agents for fertilizer okanye iziqhushumbisi, ii-agent zokukhusela amanzi ephepheni, i-corrosion inhibitors, i-lubricant additives, i-biocides kwishishini lepetroleum, izongezo zamafutha kunye ne-petroli, i-agent zokucoca i-electronics, i-emulsifiers, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-organoves pigmentation kunye nokuveliswa kwe-organometal. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukunyanga amanzi kunye nanjengeejenti zokubumba. Ii-amine eziphambili zinokuqeshwa ukuvelisa i-quaternary ammonium salt-type emulsifiers ye-asphalt, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwakhiweni nasekulolongeni iindlela zomgangatho ophezulu, ukucutha amandla okusebenza kunye nokwandisa ubomi bepavumente.

Ukuveliswa kweeNonionic Surfactants

I-adducts yee-amine eziphambili ezinamafutha kunye ne-ethylene oxide zisetyenziswa ngokukodwa njenge-antistatic agents kwishishini leplastiki. I-ethoxylated amines, ekubeni inganyibiliki kwiiplastiki, ifudukela phezulu, apho ifunxa ukufuma kwe-atmospheric, inika umphezulu weplastiki njenge-antistatic.

Ukuveliswa kwee-Amphoteric Surfactants

I-Dodecylamine iphendula nge-methyl acrylate kwaye idlula i-saponification kunye ne-neutralization ukuze ivelise i-N-dodecyl-β-alanine. Ezi zixhobo ze-surfactants ziphawulwa zizisombululo zamanzi ezikhanyayo ezinombala okhanyayo okanye ezingenambala, ukunyibilika okuphezulu kwamanzi okanye i-ethanol, i-biodegradability, ukunyamezela kwamanzi anzima, ukucaphuka okuncinci kolusu, kunye netyhefu ephantsi. Usetyenziso lubandakanya ii-agent ezikhupha ugwebu, izithambiso, izithinteli zokubola, izicoci zolwelo, iishampu, izilungisi zeenwele, izithambiso, kunye nee-antistatic agents.