Domin a iya sarrafa kuma a sarrafa tsarin cire mai da kyau, ya zama dole a fahimci ka'idar da ta dace ta haɗa tsakanin murfin da kuma abin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙarfe. Sau da yawa ana yin watsi da wannan batu, wanda hakan ke haifar da matsaloli a aikace.
Kayan da suka dace sun nuna cewa haɗin injin da micro-roughness na murfin da saman substrate ke haifarwa yana da ƙarfi ne kawai lokacin da akwai haɗin intermolecular da intermetallic tsakanin murfin da substrate na ƙarfe. Ƙarfin intermolecular da intermetallic na iya bayyana ne kawai a cikin ɗan ƙaramin nisa.
Idan tazara tsakanin kwayoyin halitta ta wuce 5μm, ƙarfin intermolecular ba ya aiki yanzu. Saboda haka, siririn fim ɗin mai da fim ɗin oxide a saman substrate suma na iya hana ƙarfin haɗin molecular ko ƙarfe.
Domin cimma haɗin da aka ambata a sama, ya zama dole a cire tabon mai, tsatsa da sikelin oxide daga samfuran sosai. "Cikakken bayani" da muke nufi ba yana nufin cewa ana buƙatar saman ya kasance mai tsabta bayan an riga an yi masa magani ba, amma kawai yana da farfajiya mai inganci. Abin da ake kira farfajiya mai inganci a zahiri yana nufin cewa dole ne a cire fina-finan da ke cutar da electroplating bayan an riga an yi masa magani sannan a maye gurbinsu da fina-finai da suka dace da karɓar electroplating.
A lokaci guda, ta hanyar yin amfani da riga kafin a yi masa fenti, ana buƙatar saman ƙarfe ya zama lebur gaba ɗaya. Bayan an yi amfani da injina kamar niƙa, gogewa, rugujewa, goge yashi, da sauransu, ana cire ƙaiƙayi, ƙuraje da sauran lahani a saman, ta yadda saman substrate ɗin zai cika buƙatun daidaita substrate da ƙare sassan da aka yi wa fenti kafin a cire mai da cire tsatsa.
Dole ne wannan batu ya kasance a bayyane. Sai lokacin da wannan batu ya bayyana ne kawai za mu iya zaɓar tsarin tsarin maganin da aka riga aka yi da kuma dabarar a tsakanin irin waɗannan dabarun don maganin kafin a yi da.
Yadda ake amfani da tsarin rage man shafawa a cikin samarwa?
Yawanci ana amfani da man shafawa na alkaline. Ana zaɓar abun da ke cikin maganin man shafawa da yanayin aikin bisa ga yanayin tabon mai da nau'in kayan ƙarfe.
Idan akwai mai mai yawa da ke manne a saman, wato, layin mai yana da kauri sosai, tare da jin mai da kuma mannewa, ba za a iya cire shi cikin sauƙi ba sai ta hanyar rage man alkaline. Ya zama dole a fara amfani da wasu hanyoyi kamar gogewa da ruwan zafi don rage man kafin a yi masa magani, sannan a yi rage man alkaline. Maganin rage man alkaline yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma zai haifar da tsatsa a bayyane lokacin da ake amsawa da wasu karafa.
Saboda haka, lokacin da ake rage man shafawa a jikin sassan da aka shafa kamar aluminum da zinc, ya kamata a yi shi a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi da ƙarancin alkaline gwargwadon iko. Gabaɗaya abin yarda ne a yi wa sassan ƙarfe magani da babban alkaline, amma lokacin da ake yi wa sassan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe magani, ya kamata a daidaita pH na maganin rage man shafawa zuwa kewayon da ya dace. Misali, aluminum, zinc da ƙarfen su ya kamata a sarrafa pH ɗinsu a ƙasa da 11, kuma lokacin rage man shafawa ga irin waɗannan samfuran bai kamata ya wuce mintuna 3 ba.
Daga mahangar farashi, wasu suna ba da shawarar rage man shafawa a ƙananan zafin jiki, amma rage zafin jiki ya saba wa ingantaccen aiki. Mafi girman zafin jiki, saurin amsawar jiki da sinadarai tsakanin man da ke manne da saman da kuma abin tsaftacewa, kuma rage man shafawa cikin sauƙi.
Aiki ya tabbatar da cewa danko na tabon mai yana raguwa yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, don haka rage mai yana da sauƙin aiwatarwa, amma ƙarancin zafin jiki ba shi da wannan tasirin. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin amfani da emulsifiers da surfactants. Dangane da ko rage mai a zafin jiki mai kyau yana da kyau da kuma yanayin zafi da ya dace a sarrafa, gogewar marubucin ita ce 70-80°C ya fi kyau. Wannan kuma zai iya taimakawa wajen kawar da ragowar matsin lamba na ƙarfen tushe da injin ke haifarwa, wanda hakan yana da matuƙar amfani don inganta mannewar murfin, musamman tsakanin nickels masu layuka da yawa.
Sassan ƙarfe na yau da kullun za su iya ɗaukar haɗakar man shafawa, kamar na farko na cire man shafawa na cathodic na minti 3-5, sannan na cire man shafawa na anodic na minti 1-2, ko na farko na cire man shafawa na anodic na minti 3-5, sannan na cire man shafawa na cathodic na minti 1-2. Ana iya cimma wannan ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin rage man shafawa guda biyu ko amfani da na'urar samar da wutar lantarki tare da na'urar canzawa.
Ga ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, ƙarfe mai kauri da siraran sassa, domin hana gurɓatar hydrogen, ana yin matse man shafawa na anodic ne kawai na tsawon mintuna da yawa. Duk da haka, ba za a iya amfani da matse man shafawa na anodic ba, kuma matse man shafawa na cathodic ne kawai na tsawon mintuna 1-2.
Dangane da shiri da kula da maganin rage man shafawa, shirya maganin rage man shafawa na sinadarai da kuma maganin rage man shafawa na electrolytic abu ne mai sauƙi. Da farko, yi amfani da kashi 2/3 na ruwan tanki don narkar da wasu kayan banda surfactants, sannan a juya a lokaci guda (don hana maganin ya yi kauri). Tunda waɗannan kayan magani suna fitar da zafi lokacin da aka narkar da su, babu buƙatar dumama su. Ya kamata a narkar da surfactants daban da ruwan zafi kafin a ƙara su. Idan ba za a iya narkar da su a lokaci guda ba, ana iya zuba ruwan da ke sama sannan a ƙara ruwa don narkar da shi. A ƙara a cikin adadin da aka ƙayyade a gauraya sosai kafin amfani.
Ya kamata a kula da yadda ake sarrafa ruwan cire mai:
① A riƙa gwadawa da kuma sake cika kayan aiki akai-akai. Ya kamata a sake cika sinadarin surfactants da kashi 1/3 zuwa 1/2 na adadin da aka samu a kowane mako ko kuma sau biyu a mako bisa ga yawan abin da aka samar.
② Faranti na ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su bai kamata su ƙunshi ƙazanta mai nauyi da yawa don hana shigar da su cikin murfin ba. Ya kamata a kiyaye yawan wutar lantarki a 5-10 A/dm², kuma zaɓin sa ya kamata ya tabbatar da isasshen juyin halittar kumfa. Wannan ba wai kawai yana tabbatar da rabuwar digo na mai daga saman lantarki ba ne, har ma yana tayar da maganin. Lokacin da tabon mai na saman ya kasance mai dorewa, girman yawan wutar lantarki, saurin saurin rage mai.
③ Ya kamata a cire tabon mai da ke shawagi a cikin tanki cikin lokaci.
④ A riƙa tsaftace laka da datti a cikin tankin akai-akai, sannan a maye gurbin ruwan tankin da sauri.
⑤ Yi ƙoƙarin amfani da ƙananan abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a cikin electrolyte; in ba haka ba, shigar da su cikin tankin lantarki zai shafi ingancin.
Yadda ake ƙwarewa da kuma sarrafa tsarin etching acid (pickling)?
Kamar tsarin rage mai, cire sinadarin acid (picking) yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen magance matsalar kafin a fara shafa mai. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyi guda biyu tare wajen samar da riga kafin a fara shafawa, kuma babban manufarsu ita ce cire tsatsa da sikelin oxide daga sassan faranti na ƙarfe.
Yawanci, ana kiran tsarin da ake amfani da shi don cire adadi mai yawa na oxides da etching mai ƙarfi, kuma tsarin da ake amfani da shi don cire siririn fim ɗin oxide waɗanda ido ba ya iya gani da ido tsirara ana kiransa etching mai rauni, wanda za a iya ƙara raba shi zuwa etching na sinadarai da etching na lantarki. Ana amfani da etching mai rauni a matsayin tsarin magani na ƙarshe bayan etching mai ƙarfi, watau, kafin aikin ya shiga aikin electroplating. Tsarin aiki ne na kunna saman ƙarfe kuma ana iya yin watsi da shi cikin sauƙi a samarwa, wanda shine ainihin ɗaya daga cikin dalilan barewa na electroplating.
Idan maganin etching mai rauni yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin maganin plating na gaba, ko kuma idan gabatarwarsa ba zai shafi maganin plating ba, ya fi kyau a sanya sassan plating da aka kunna kai tsaye a cikin tankin plating ba tare da tsaftacewa ba.
Misali, tare da maganin kunna acid mai narkewa da aka yi amfani da shi kafin a yi amfani da nickel plating, don tabbatar da ci gaban aikin etching, dole ne a yi aikin rage mai kafin a yi etching; in ba haka ba, acid da oxides na ƙarfe ba za su iya yin hulɗa mai kyau ba, kuma amsawar narkar da sinadarai zai yi wuya a ci gaba.
Saboda haka, domin a iya sarrafa yadda ake yin amfani da acid sosai, ya zama dole a fayyace waɗannan ƙa'idodi na asali a ka'ida.
Yawanci, don cire ma'aunin oxide daga sassan ƙarfe da ƙarfe, ana amfani da sinadarin sulfuric acid da hydrochloric acid galibi don yin etching na acid. Hanyar tana da sauƙi, amma a ainihin samarwa, yana da wuya a cimma manufar da ake tsammani idan ba a kula da ita ba.
Sharuɗɗan zaɓi don yanayin tsarin ƙwanƙwasa na sulfuric acid yawanci suna dogara ne akan gogewa don gano daga bayyanar kayan aikin bayan ƙwanƙwasa, wanda, bayan haka, ba za a iya sarrafa shi ta adadi ba. Aiki ya nuna cewa tasirin ƙwanƙwasa sulfuric acid wajen cire ma'aunin oxide a 40°C ya fi girma fiye da na 20°C, amma idan aka ƙara yawan zafin jiki, tasirin barewa ba ya ƙaruwa daidai gwargwado.
A lokaci guda, a cikin sinadarin sulfuric acid mai yawan da ke ƙasa da kashi 20%, yayin da yawan da ke ƙaruwa, saurin fitar da acid ɗin yana ƙaruwa, amma lokacin da yawan da ke sama ya wuce kashi 20%, saurin fitar da acid ɗin yana raguwa maimakon haka. Saboda wannan dalili, mun yi imanin cewa yanayin tsari na yau da kullun na yawan sinadarin sulfuric acid 10%-20% da kuma fitar da acid a ƙasa da 60°C sun fi dacewa. Ya kamata kuma a lura cewa dangane da tsufan maganin sulfuric acid, gabaɗaya, lokacin da sinadarin ƙarfe a cikin maganin da ke sama ya wuce 80 g/L kuma yawan sinadarin ferrous sulfate ya wuce 2.5 g/L, ba za a iya amfani da maganin sulfuric acid ba.
A wannan lokacin, ya kamata a sanyaya maganin don ya zama mai lu'ulu'u kuma ya cire sinadarin ferrous sulfate da ya wuce kima, sannan a ƙara sabon acid don biyan buƙatun aikin.
Sharuɗɗan zaɓi don yanayin aikin cire sinadarin acid na hydrochloric acid: ya kamata a sarrafa yawan sinadarin a 10%-20%, kuma ya kamata a gudanar da aikin a zafin ɗaki. Idan aka kwatanta da sulfuric acid, a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin na maida hankali da zafin jiki, saurin cire sinadarin hydrochloric acid ya fi na sulfuric acid sau 1.5-2 sauri.
Ko amfani da sinadarin sulfuric ko hydrochloric acid don yin aikin cire sinadarin acid ya dogara ne da takamaiman yanayin da ake ciki na ainihin samarwa. Misali, a cikin ƙarfin ƙarfen ƙarfe, ana amfani da sinadarin sulfuric ko hydrochloric acid sau da yawa, ko kuma "haɗaɗɗen acid" na biyu a wani yanki.
Duk da haka, nau'in acid da ake amfani da shi don yin fenti mai ƙarfi ya dogara ne akan abun da ke ciki da tsarin oxides ɗin da ke saman sassan ƙarfe da ƙarfe. A lokaci guda, ya zama dole a tabbatar da saurin cirewa, ƙarancin farashin samarwa, da ƙarancin nakasa da kuma gurɓataccen hydrogen na samfuran ƙarfe gwargwadon iko. Duk da haka, dole ne a fahimci cewa cire sikelin oxide a cikin hydrochloric acid ya dogara ne akan narkar da sinadarin hydrochloric acid, kuma tasirin barewa na injiniya na hydrogen ya fi ƙasa da na sulfuric acid. Saboda haka, yawan amfani da acid lokacin amfani da hydrochloric acid kaɗai ya fi girma fiye da lokacin amfani da sulfuric acid kaɗai.
Idan tsatsa da oxide suka yi kauri a saman sassan plating ɗin sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na baƙin ƙarfe mai yawa, ana iya amfani da gaurayen acid etching, wanda ba wai kawai yana haifar da tasirin tsagewar hydrogen akan sikelin oxide ba, har ma yana hanzarta wargaza sinadarai na oxides ɗin. Duk da haka, idan saman ƙarfe yana da samfuran tsatsa marasa ƙarfi kawai (galibi Fe₂O₃), ana iya amfani da hydrochloric acid kaɗai don etching saboda saurin etching ɗinsa, ƙarancin narkar da substrate, da ƙarancin hydrogen embryation.
Amma idan saman ƙarfe yana da ma'aunin oxide mai yawa, amfani da hydrochloric acid kaɗai yana cinye abubuwa da yawa, yana da tsada mafi girma, kuma yana da mummunan tasirin barewa akan ma'aunin oxide fiye da sulfuric acid, don haka sulfuric acid ya fi kyau.
Ana iya yin aikin etching na electrolytic (electrolytic acid, electrochemical etching), ko cathodic electrolysis, anodic electrolysis, ko PR electrolysis (electrolysis na juyawa lokaci-lokaci, wanda ke canza sandunan aiki masu kyau da marasa kyau lokaci-lokaci), a cikin maganin sulfuric acid na 5%-20%.
Idan aka kwatanta da etching na sinadarai, etching na electrolytic zai iya cire ma'aunin oxide da aka haɗa da sauri, ya haifar da ƙarancin tsatsa ga ƙarfe na asali, yana da sauƙin aiki da sarrafawa, kuma ya dace da layukan electroplating na atomatik. Ana amfani da electrolysis na PR sosai a Japan don cire ma'aunin oxide daga bakin karfe.
A ƙasar Sin, mutane da yawa suna amfani da cathodic da anodic electrolytic pickling tare da electrolytic dehydrating don maganin pre-plating. Anodic electrolytic acid don ƙarfe mai ferrous ya dace da sarrafa sassan ƙarfe tare da adadi mai yawa na oxide da tsatsa, kuma galibi ana iya yin sa a zafin ɗaki. Ƙara zafin jiki na iya ƙara saurin etching acid, amma ba kamar etching na sinadarai ba. Ƙara yawan halin yanzu na iya haɓaka saurin etching acid, amma idan ya yi yawa, ƙarfen tushe zai lalace.
A wannan lokacin, narkar da sinadarai da sinadarai na ƙarfen tushe yana ɓacewa, yana barin tasirin barewa na iskar oxygen kawai akan sikelin oxide. Saboda haka, saurin etching yana ƙaruwa kaɗan, wanda dole ne a ƙware shi da kyau. Yawanci, yawan halin yanzu na 5-10 A/dm² ya dace. Don etching na anodic acid, ana iya amfani da manne na o-xylene thiourea ko sulfonated woodworking manne azaman hanawa, tare da adadin 3-5 g/L; don cathodic electrolytic acid na ƙarfe, ana iya amfani da maganin sulfuric acid, ko gaurayen acid na kusan 5% sulfuric acid da 5% hydrochloric acid, tare da adadin sodium chloride mai dacewa. Saboda babu wani tsari na narkar da sinadarai da electrochemical na ƙarfe (ƙarfe), ƙara mahadi masu ɗauke da Cl⁻ yadda ya kamata na iya taimakawa wajen sassauta sikelin oxide a saman sassan da kuma hanzarta saurin etching. A lokaci guda, ana iya amfani da formaldehyde ko urotropine azaman hanawa.
A takaice dai, ana amfani da sinadarin sulfuric acid sosai wajen cire sinadarin acid daga ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, da tagulla. Baya ga abin da ke sama, ana amfani da sinadarin sulfuric acid, tare da sinadarin chromic acid da dichromates, a matsayin wani abu da ke cire sinadarin oxides da smut daga aluminum.
Ana amfani da shi tare da hydrofluoric acid ko nitric acid ko duka biyun don cire sikelin oxide daga bakin karfe. Amfanin hydrochloric acid shine yana iya ɗanɗana ƙarfe da yawa yadda ya kamata a zafin ɗaki; ɗaya daga cikin rashin amfanin sa shine dole ne a mai da hankali kan hana gurɓatar tururin HCl da hazo na acid.
Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da nitric acid da phosphoric acid a cikin maganin shafawa kafin a shafa da hannu. Nitric acid muhimmin sashi ne na sinadarai masu haske da yawa. Ana haɗa shi da hydrofluoric acid don cire ma'aunin oxide na maganin zafi daga aluminum, bakin ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai tushen nickel da ƙarfe, titanium, zirconium, da wasu ƙarfe mai tushen cobalt.
Ana amfani da sinadarin phosphoric acid don cire tsatsa daga sassan ƙarfe da kuma a cikin tanki na musamman don bakin ƙarfe, aluminum, tagulla, da jan ƙarfe. Ana amfani da sinadarin phosphoric acid-nitric acid-acetic acid gauraye don yin maganin anodizing mai haske na sassan aluminum kafin a yi amfani da shi. Fluoroboric acid ya tabbatar da cewa shine mafi kyawun maganin tsinkewa ga ƙarfe mai tushen gubar ko sassan jan ƙarfe ko tagulla tare da solder ɗin tin.
An ruwaito cewa cire sikelin oxide na ƙarfe da oxides yana cinye kashi 5% na samar da sinadarin sulfuric acid a duniya, kashi 25% na hydrochloric acid, mafi yawan hydrofluoric acid, da kuma adadi mai yawa na nitric acid da phosphoric acid.
Saboda haka, ƙwarewa wajen amfani da waɗannan acid ɗin yadda ya kamata don cire acid a bayyane yake muhimmin batu ne a fannin fasahar amfani da su wajen magance matsalar kafin a yi amfani da su. Duk da haka, ba abu ne mai wahala a yi amfani da su ba, amma ba abu ne mai sauƙi a yi amfani da su yadda ya kamata, a adana su, da kuma rage amfani da su ba.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-29-2026