Hei whakahaere pai i te tukanga tango hinu, me mārama ki te kaupapa o te hononga i waenga i te paninga me te papa whakarewa. He maha ngā wā ka warewarehia tēnei āhuatanga, ā, ka uaua te mahi.
E tohu ana ngā rauemi e pā ana ko te hononga ā-pūkaha i puta mai i te taratara iti o te paninga me te mata o te papa whakarewa ka kaha anake ina he hononga ā-iwi me te kaha ā-whakarewa i waenganui i te paninga me te papa whakarewa. Ka taea anake te puta ngā kaha ā-iwi me te kaha ā-whakarewa i roto i te tawhiti tino poto.
Ina neke atu te tawhiti i waenga i ngā ngota i te 5μm, kāore te kaha i waenganui i ngā ngota e mahi ana. Nō reira, ka taea hoki e te kiriata hinu angiangi me te kiriata waikura i runga i te mata o te papa te aukati i te kaha here i waenganui i ngā ngota, i te kaha here whakarewa rānei.
Hei whakatutuki i te hononga kua whakahuatia ake nei, me tango rawatia ngā paru hinu, te waikura me te unahi waikura mai i ngā hua. Ko te "tino tino" e kōrerohia nei e tātou, ehara i te mea me tino ma te mata i muri i te maimoatanga i mua i te whakakikoruatanga, engari me whai mata tika. Ko te mata e kiia nei he mata tika, ko te tikanga me tango ngā kiriata kino ki te whakakikoruatanga hiko i muri i te maimoatanga i mua i te whakakikoruatanga, ā, me whakakapi ki ngā kiriata e tika ana mō te whakakikoruatanga hiko.
I taua wā anō, mā te maimoatanga whakakikorua i mua i te whakakikorua, me tino papatahi te mata whakarewa. Whai muri i ngā maimoatanga ā-ringa pēnei i te huri, te whakakanapa, te huripoki, te pupuhi onepu, me ētahi atu, ka tangohia ngā karawarawa, ngā kohao me ētahi atu hapa o te mata, kia tutuki ai i te mata o te papa ngā whakaritenga o te whakataurite me te whakaoti i ngā wāhanga whakakikorua i mua i te tango hinu me te tango waikura.
Me mārama tēnei kōrero. Mēnā ka mārama tēnei kōrero, ka taea e tātou te whiriwhiri tika, ā, i roto i ngā mahi tūturu, i te rere o te tukanga maimoatanga i mua i te whakakikoruatia, me te tauira i roto i ngā tauira ōrite mō te maimoatanga i mua i te whakakikoruatia.
Me pēhea te whakamahi i te tukanga tango hinu i roto i te mahi whakaputa?
Ko te tikanga, ko te tango hinu kawakore te tikanga. Ko te hanganga o te otinga tango hinu me ngā tikanga tukanga ka tīpakohia i runga i te āhua o te paru hinu me te momo rauemi whakarewa.
Ina he nui te hinu e piri ana ki te mata, arā, he matotoru rawa te paparanga hinu, he ahua hinuhinu, he piri hoki, kāore e taea te tango ngāwari mā te tango hinu kawakore anake. Me whakamahi tuatahi i ētahi atu tikanga pēnei i te paraihe ki te whakarewa hei tango hinu i mua i te maimoatanga, kātahi ka mahi i te tango hinu kawakore. He tino kawakore te otinga tango hinu kawakore, ā, ka kitea te waikura ina tauhohe ki ētahi konganuku.
Nō reira, i te wā e tango hinu ana i ngā wāhanga whakakikoruatia pērā i te konumohe me te konutea, me mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana iti me te kawakore iti i te nuinga o te wā. He mea whakaaetia te rongoā i ngā wāhanga maitai he nui ake te kawakore, engari i te wā e rongoā ana i ngā wāhanga konganuku kore-ferrous, me whakarite te pH o te otinga tango hinu ki tētahi awhe e tika ana. Hei tauira, me whakahaere te pH o te konumohe, te konutea me ō rātou koranu ki raro i te 11, ā, kaua te wā tango hinu mō aua hua e neke atu i te 3 meneti.
Mai i te tirohanga utu, e tautoko ana ētahi i te tango hinu i te pāmahana iti, engari ko te whakaiti i te pāmahana he rerekē ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga. Ko te teitei ake o te pāmahana, ko te tere ake o te tauhohenga ā-tinana me te matū i waenga i te hinu e piri ana ki te mata me te kaihoko horoi, ā, ko te māmā ake o te tango hinu.
Kua whakamātauhia e ngā mahi ka heke te matotoru o ngā paru hinu i te pikinga o te pāmahana, nō reira he māmā ake te tango hinu, engari kāore he pānga o te pāmahana iti. Nō reira, e whakaarohia ana kia whakamahia ngā emulsifier me ngā surfactants. Mō te pai o te tango hinu i te pāmahana teitei me te pāmahana e tika ana hei whakahaere, e ai ki te wheako o te kaituhi he pai ake te 70-80°C. Ka taea hoki e tēnei te āwhina ki te whakakore i te ahotea toenga o te konganuku turanga i puta mai i te miihini, he mea tino pai hei whakapai ake i te piri o te paninga, inā koa i waenga i ngā nikara maha-paparanga.
Ka taea e ngā wāhanga maitai whānui te whakamahi i te tango hinu whakakotahi, pērā i te tango hinu katote tuatahi mō te 3-5 meneti, kātahi ka tango hinu anote mō te 1-2 meneti, te tango hinu anote tuatahi rānei mō te 3-5 meneti, kātahi ka tango hinu katote mō te 1-2 meneti. Ka taea tēnei mā te tango hinu e rua, mā te whakamahi rānei i te pūtake hiko me te taputapu whakawhiti.
Mō ngā maitai kaha-teitei, te maitai puna me ngā wāhanga angiangi, hei ārai i te pakarukaru o te hauwai, ka mahia te tango hinu anodic mō ētahi meneti. Heoi, kāore e taea te tango hinu anodic mō ngā wāhanga konganuku kore-ferrous pērā i te parahi me ngā koranu parahi, ā, ka whakaaetia te tango hinu cathodic mō te 1-2 meneti anake.
Mō te whakarite me te tiaki i te otinga tango hinu, he tino māmā te whakarite i ngā otinga tango hinu matū me ngā otinga tango hinu hiko. Tuatahi, whakamahia te 2/3 o te rahinga wai o te tāke hei whakarewa i ētahi atu rauemi engari ko ngā matū horoi, ā, whakaohokia i te wā kotahi (kia kore ai e piri te rongoā). Nā te mea ka tukuna te wera e ēnei rauemi rongoā ina whakarewahia, kāore he take ki te whakamahana. Me whakarewa motuhake ngā matū horoi ki te wai wera i mua i te tāpiri. Mena kāore e taea te whakarewa i te wā kotahi, ka taea te riringi i te wai mārama o runga, kātahi ka taea te tāpiri i te wai hei whakarewa. Tāpirihia ki te rahinga kua tohua, ā, whakaohokia kia pai i mua i te whakamahinga.
Me aro nui ki te whakahaere i te wai tango hinu:
① Whakamātauria me te whakakī anō i ngā rauemi i ia wā. Me whakakī anō ngā matū horoi i te 1/3 ki te 1/2 o te nui taketake ia wiki, ia rua wiki rānei, e ai ki te nui o te whakaputanga.
② Kaua ngā pereti rino e whakamahia ana e whakauru ana i ngā paru konganuku taumaha kia kore ai e uru ki roto i te paninga. Me pupuri te kiato o te au i te 5-10 A/dm², ā, me whakarite te whiriwhiringa kia puta mai ngā mirumiru. Ehara i te mea ka taea anake te tango i ngā pata hinu mai i te mata o te hiko, engari ka whakaoho hoki i te otinga. Ina pumau te paru hinu o te mata, ka nui ake te kiato o te au, ka tere ake te tere tango hinu.
③ Me tango wawe ngā paru hinu e mānu ana i roto i te tāke.
④ Horoia te paru me te paru i roto i te tāke i ia wā, ā, whakakapia tonutia te wai o te tāke.
⑤ Whakamātauria te whakamahi i ngā matū horoi iti-huka ki roto i te electrolyte; ki te kore, ka pāngia te kounga e te whakaurunga ki roto i te tāke whakakikorua hiko.
Me pēhea te whakahaere i te tukanga whakakoi waikawa (pickering)?
Pērā i te tukanga tango hinu, he mea nui te whakairo waikawa (picking) i roto i te maimoatanga i mua i te whakakikorua. Ka whakamahia ngātahitia ēnei tukanga e rua i roto i te whakaputanga i mua i te whakakikorua, ā, ko tā rāua kaupapa matua he tango i te waikura me ngā unahi waikura mai i ngā wāhanga whakakikorua whakarewa.
Ko te tikanga, ko te tukanga e whakamahia ana hei tango i te nui o ngā waikura ka kiia ko te whakairo kaha, ā, ko te tukanga e whakamahia ana hei tango i ngā kiriata waikura angiangi e kore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga ka kiia ko te whakairo ngoikore, ka taea te wehewehe anō ki te whakairo matū me te whakairo hikohiko. Ko te whakairo ngoikore ka whakamahia hei tukanga maimoatanga whakamutunga i muri i te whakairo kaha, arā, i mua i te urunga o te mea mahi ki te tukanga whakakikorua hiko. He tukanga whakahohe i te mata whakarewa, ā, he ngawari ki te warewarehia i roto i te hanga, koinei tonu tetahi o ngā take mō te tihore i te whakakikorua hiko.
Mena ko te otinga whakairo ngoikore tētahi o ngā wāhanga o te otinga whakakikorua e whai ake nei, ki te kore rānei tōna whakaurunga e pā ki te otinga whakakikorua, he pai ake te maka tika i ngā wāhanga whakakikorua kua whakahohehia ki roto i te tāke whakakikorua me te kore e horoia.
Hei tauira, mō te otinga whakahohe waikawa waimeha i mua i te whakakikoruatanga nikara, kia maeneene ai te haere o te tukanga whakairo, me tango te hinu i mua i te whakairo; ki te kore, kāore e taea e ngā waikura waikawa me ngā waikura whakarewa te piri pai, ā, ka uaua te haere tonu o te tauhohenga whakarewa matū.
Nō reira, kia tino matatau ai ki te whakairo waikawa, me whakamārama hoki i ēnei mātāpono taketake mā te ariā.
I te nuinga o te wā, hei tango i te unahi waikura mai i ngā wāhanga rino me te maitai, ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki me te waikawa hauwaiora mō te whakairo waikawa. He māmā noa te tikanga, engari i roto i te mahi whakaputa, he uaua ki te whakatutuki i te kaupapa e tumanakohia ana mena kāore e arohia.
Ko ngā paearu whiriwhiri mō ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga whakairo o te waikawa whanariki e ahu mai ana i te wheako hei tautuhi mai i te āhua o te mea mahi i muri i te whakapūkara, e kore nei e taea te whakahaere i te rahinga. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā mahi he nui ake te pānga o te whakapūkara waikawa whanariki ki te tango i ngā unahi waikura i te 40°C i te 20°C, engari ina piki ake te pāmahana, kāore te pānga tihore e piki ake i te ōritetanga.
I taua wā anō, i roto i te waikawa whanariki he iti iho i te 20% te kukū, i te pikinga ake o te kukū, ka tere ake te tere o te keri waikawa, engari ina neke atu te kukū i te 20%, ka heke te tere o te keri waikawa. Nā konei, e whakapono ana mātou he pai ake ngā tikanga tukatuka paerewa o te kukū waikawa whanariki 10%-20% me te keri i raro iho i te 60°C. Me mōhio anō hoki mō te pakeketanga o te wairewa waikawa whanariki, i te nuinga o te wā, ina neke atu te ihirangi rino i roto i te wairewa whakapūkara i te 80 g/L, ā, neke atu te ihirangi ferrous sulfate i te 2.5 g/L, kāore e taea te whakamahi i te wairewa waikawa whanariki.
I tēnei wā, me whakamatao te otinga kia tio, kia tangohia ai te konupūmā ferrous taikaha, kātahi ka tāpirihia he waikawa hou hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga.
Ko ngā paearu whiriwhiri mō ngā tikanga o te tukanga whakairo waikawa o te waikawa hauwaiora: ko te kukū me whakahaere i te 10%-20%, ā, me whakahaere te tukanga i te pāmahana rūma. Ki te whakatauritea ki te waikawa whanariki, i raro i ngā tikanga kukū me te pāmahana ōrite, ko te tere whakairo o te waikawa hauwaiora he 1.5-2 ngā wā tere atu i te waikawa whanariki.
Ko te whakamahi i te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa hauwaiora rānei mō te whakairo waikawa, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhuatanga motuhake o te hanga. Hei tauira, i roto i te whakairo kaha o ngā konganuku rino, ka whakamahia pinepine te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa hauwaiora rānei, te "waikawa whakauru" rānei o ngā mea e rua i roto i tētahi ōwehenga.
Heoi, ko te momo waikawa e whakamahia ana mō te whakairo matū kaha e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga me te hanganga o ngā waikura i runga i te mata o ngā wāhanga rino me te maitai. I taua wā anō, me whakarite kia tere te whakairo, kia iti te utu whakaputa, kia iti hoki te whakarerekētanga āhua me te pakarukaru hauwai o ngā hua whakarewa. Heoi anō, me mārama ko te tango i ngā unahi waikura i roto i te waikawa hauwai hauwai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakarewanga matū o te waikawa hauwai hauwai, ā, he iti ake te pānga kiri ā-pūkaha o te hauwai i tērā i roto i te waikawa whanariki. Nō reira, ko te nui o te waikawa e pau ana i te whakamahi i te waikawa hauwai hauwai anake he nui ake i te whakamahi i te waikawa whanariki anake.
Ina he nui ngā waikura rino kaha-rahi kei roto i te waikura me ngā unahi waikura i runga i te mata o ngā wāhanga whakakikorua, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakairo waikawa whakauru, e kore e whakaputa noa i te pānga haehae o te hauwai ki ngā unahi waikura engari ka tere ake hoki te whakarewanga matū o ngā waikura. Heoi, ki te mea he waikura wetekina anake te mata whakarewa (ko te Fe₂O₃ te nuinga), ka taea te whakamahi i te waikawa hauwaiora anake mō te whakairo nā te mea he tere te whakairo, he iti ake te whakarewanga o te papa, ā, he iti ake te pakarukaru o te hauwai.
Engari ina he matotoru te waikura o te mata whakarewa, ka nui ake te paunga o te waikawa hauwai, ka nui ake te utu, ā, ka kino ake te pānga o te kiri ki te waikura i te waikawa whanariki, nō reira he pai ake te waikawa whanariki.
Ka taea te whakahaere i te whakairo hikohiko (waikawa hikohiko, whakairo hikomatū), ahakoa he hikohiko katote, he hikohiko anote, he hikohiko PR rānei (he hikohiko whakahurihuri ā-wā, e whakarerekē ana i ngā pou pai me ngā pou kino o te mea mahi i ia wā), i roto i te otinga waikawa whanariki 5%-20%.
Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakairo matū, ka tere ake te tango a te whakairo hiko i ngā unahi waikura kua piri pūmau, ka iti ake te waikura ki te konganuku turanga, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere, ā, he pai mō ngā raina whakakikorua aunoa. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te hiko PR i Hapani hei tango i ngā unahi waikura mai i te maitai kore waikura.
I Haina, he maha e whakamahi ana i te whakamaroke hiko katotika me te hiko anotika me te tango hinu hiko hei tukatuka i mua i te whakakikorua. He pai te waikawa hiko anotika mō ngā konganuku ferrous mō te tukatuka i ngā wāhanga konganuku he nui te unahi waikura me te waikura, ā, ka taea te mahi i te nuinga o te wā i te pāmahana rūma. Mā te whakanui ake i te pāmahana ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere o te keri waikawa, engari kāore e rite ki te keri waikawa matū. Mā te whakanui ake i te kiato o te iahiko ka taea te whakatere ake i te tere o te keri waikawa, engari ki te nui rawa, ka kore e taea te whakamahi i te konganuku turanga.
I tēnei wā, ka ngaro te whakarewatanga matū me te hikohiko o te konganuku turanga, ka waiho ko te pānga tihore o te hāora ki ngā unahi waikura anake. Nō reira, kāore e nui te pikinga o te tere whakairo, me mātau ki tēnei mea. I te nuinga o te wā, he tika te kiato iahiko o te 5-10 A/dm². Mō te whakairo waikawa anodic, ka taea te whakamahi i te o-xylene thiourea, te kāpia mahi rakau sulfonated rānei hei aukati, me te horopeta o te 3-5 g/L; mō te waikawa hikohiko cathodic o ngā konganuku ferrous, ka taea te whakamahi i te otinga waikawa whanariki, he waikawa whakaranu rānei o te 5% waikawa whanariki me te 5% waikawa hauwaiora, me te nui o te konutai hauhāora e tika ana. Nā te mea kāore he tukanga whakarewatanga matū me te hikohiko e kitea ana o te papa whakarewa (rino), mā te tāpiri tika i ngā matū kei roto ko te Cl⁻ ka taea te āwhina i te wetewete i ngā unahi waikura i runga i te mata o ngā wāhanga me te whakatere i te tere whakairo. I taua wā anō, ka taea te whakamahi i te formaldehyde, i te urotropine rānei hei aukati.
I roto i te poto, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te waikawa whanariki mō te whakairo waikawa o te maitai, te parahi, me te parahi. Haunga ngā mea o runga ake nei, ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki, me te waikawa chromic me ngā dichromate, hei tango i ngā waikura me te paru mai i te konumohe.
Ka whakamahia ngātahitia me te waikawa hauwaiwai, te waikawa hauota rānei, ngā mea e rua rānei, hei tango i ngā unahi waikura mai i te maitai kore waikura. Ko te painga o te waikawa hauwaiwai ko tōna kaha ki te whakapūkara i ngā konganuku maha i te pāmahana rūma; ko tētahi o ōna ngoikoretanga ko te aro nui ki te ārai i te parahanga o te kohu HCl me te kohu waikawa.
Hei tāpiritanga, he mea whakamahi noa te waikawa hauota me te waikawa phosphoric i roto i te maimoatanga ā-ringa i mua i te whakakikorua. He wāhanga nui te waikawa hauota o te maha o ngā kai whakairo kanapa. Ka konatunatua ki te waikawa hydrofluoric hei tango i ngā unahi waikura maimoatanga wera mai i te konumohe, te maitai kore waikura, ngā koranu nikara me te rino, te titanium, te zirconium, me ētahi koranu kobalt.
E whakamahia ana te waikawa phosphoric hei tango i te waikura o ngā wāhanga maitai, ā, i roto hoki i ngā otinga tāke motuhake mō te maitai kore waikura, te konumohe, te parahi, me te parahi. Ko te waikawa whakaranu waikawa phosphoric-waikawa hauota-waikawa acetic e whakamahia ana mō te maimoatanga-mua o te anodizing kanapa o ngā wāhanga konumohe. Kua whakamātauhia te waikawa fluororoboric hei otinga pickling tino whai hua mō ngā koranu mata, ngā wāhanga parahi, parahi rānei me te tine solder.
Kua pūrongohia ko te tango i ngā unahi me ngā waikura o te whakarewa ka pau te 5% o te hanga waikawa whanariki o te ao, te 25% o te waikawa hauwaiora, te nuinga o te waikawa hauwaiwhaoriki, me te nui o te waikawa hauota me te waikawa phosphoric.
Nō reira, he mea nui te mōhio ki te whakamahinga tika o ēnei waikawa mō te whakairo waikawa i roto i te hangarau tono o te maimoatanga i mua i te whakakikorua. Heoi, ehara i te mea uaua ki te whakamahi, engari ehara i te mea ngāwari ki te whakamahi pai, ki te penapena, me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-29-2026