Kuti mudziwe bwino ndikuwongolera njira yochotsera mafuta, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino mfundo ya mgwirizano pakati pa chophimba ndi chitsulo. Mfundo imeneyi nthawi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta.
Zipangizo zofunikira zimasonyeza kuti mgwirizano wamakina womwe umachitika chifukwa cha kuuma kwa chophimbacho ndi pamwamba pa chinthucho umakhala wolimba pokhapokha ngati pali mgwirizano wapakati pa mamolekyulu ndi pakati pa zinthuzo pakati pa chophimbacho ndi chinthucho. Mphamvu zapakati pa mamolekyulu ndi pakati pa zinthuzo zimatha kuwonekera patali pang'ono.
Pamene mtunda pakati pa mamolekyu upitirira 5μm, mphamvu ya pakati pa mamolekyulu sigwiranso ntchito. Chifukwa chake, filimu yopyapyala yamafuta ndi filimu ya okusayidi pamwamba pa substrate ingalepheretsenso mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa mamolekyulu kapena chitsulo.
Kuti tikwaniritse mgwirizano womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa, ndikofunikira kuchotsa madontho a mafuta, dzimbiri ndi kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kuchokera kuzinthuzo bwino kwambiri. Mawu akuti "kukwanira bwino" omwe tikunena sakutanthauza kuti pamwamba pake pakufunika kukhala paukhondo kwambiri mutakonza kale, koma amatanthauza kuti pali malo oyenerera. Malo otchedwa "kukwanira" kwenikweni amatanthauza kuti mafilimu omwe ali ndi vuto pakupanga ma electroplating ayenera kuchotsedwa mutakonza kale ndikuyika mafilimu oyenera kulandira ma electroplating.
Nthawi yomweyo, kudzera mu kukonza ma plating asanayambe, pamwamba pa chitsulo pamafunika kukhala pathyathyathya. Pambuyo pa kukonza makina monga kupukuta, kupukuta, kugwa, kuphulika kwa mchenga, ndi zina zotero, mikwingwirima yoonekera bwino, ma burrs ndi zolakwika zina pamwamba pake zimachotsedwa, kuti pamwamba pa substrate pakwaniritse zofunikira pakulinganiza substrate ndi kumaliza kwa zigawo zophimbidwa musanachotse mafuta ndi kuchotsa dzimbiri.
Mfundo iyi iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino. Mfundo iyi ikamveka bwino, ndi pamene tingasankhe molondola komanso moyenera njira yochizira chisanadze chopaka ndi njira yochizira pakati pa njira zofanana zochizira chisanadze chopaka.
Kodi mungagwiritse ntchito bwanji njira yochotsera mafuta pakupanga?
Kuchotsa mafuta a alkaline nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kapangidwe ka njira yochotsera mafuta ndi momwe zinthu zilili zimasankhidwa malinga ndi momwe mafuta alili komanso mtundu wa zinthu zachitsulo.
Ngati mafuta ambiri akumatirira pamwamba, ndiye kuti, mafutawo ndi okhuthala kwambiri, okhala ndi mafuta komanso omata, sangachotsedwe mosavuta pokhapokha ngati akuchotsa mafuta a alkaline. Choyamba ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina monga kutsuka ndi solvent pochotsa mafuta musanagwiritse ntchito, kenako ndikuchotsa mafuta a alkaline. Njira yothetsera mafuta a alkaline ndi ya alkaline kwambiri, ndipo imayambitsa dzimbiri pochita ndi zitsulo zina.
Chifukwa chake, pochotsa mafuta m'zigawo monga aluminiyamu ndi zinki, ziyenera kuchitika pansi pa kutentha kochepa komanso kotsika kwa alkali momwe zingathere. Nthawi zambiri ndizovomerezeka kuchiza ziwalo zachitsulo ndi alkalinity yayikulu, koma pochiza ziwalo zachitsulo zopanda chitsulo, pH ya yankho lochotsa mafuta iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala yoyenerera. Mwachitsanzo, aluminiyamu, zinki ndi zinthu zake ziyenera kukhala ndi pH yoyang'aniridwa pansi pa 11, ndipo nthawi yochotsera mafuta pazinthu zotere siyenera kupitirira mphindi 3.
Poganizira za mtengo, ena amalimbikitsa kuchepetsa mafuta pa kutentha kochepa, koma kuchepetsa kutentha kumatsutsana ndi kukonza bwino ntchito. Kutentha kukakwera, kuthamanga kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu pakati pa mafuta omwe amamatira pamwamba ndi chotsukira kumathamanga kwambiri, ndipo kuchotsa mafuta kumakhala kosavuta.
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kukhuthala kwa madontho a mafuta kumachepa pamene kutentha kukukwera, kotero kuchotsa mafuta kumakhala kosavuta kuchita, koma kutentha kochepa sikuli ndi zotsatirapo izi. Chifukwa chake, amaganiziridwa kuti agwiritse ntchito ma emulsifiers ndi ma surfactants. Ponena za ngati kuchotsa mafuta kutentha kwambiri kuli bwino komanso kutentha koyenera kuwongolera, zomwe wolembayo adakumana nazo ndikuti 70-80°C ndi bwino. Izi zingathandizenso kuchotsa kupsinjika kotsala kwa chitsulo choyambira chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi makina, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri kukonza kumamatira kwa chophimbacho, makamaka pakati pa ma nickel okhala ndi zigawo zambiri.
Zigawo zachitsulo zambiri zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochotsera mafuta pamodzi, monga kuchotsa mafuta koyamba kwa mphindi 3-5, kenako kuchotsa mafuta kwa mphindi 1-2, kapena kuchotsa mafuta koyamba kwa mphindi 3-5, kenako kuchotsa mafuta kwa mphindi 1-2. Izi zitha kuchitika mwa njira ziwiri zochotsera mafuta kapena kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chosinthira magetsi.
Pa chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri, chitsulo cha masika ndi zigawo zoonda, kuti hydrogen isawonongeke, kuchotsa mafuta ochulukirapo kumangochitika kwa mphindi zingapo. Komabe, zigawo zachitsulo zopanda chitsulo monga mkuwa ndi zitsulo zamkuwa sizingagwiritse ntchito kuchotsa mafuta ochulukirapo, ndipo kuchotsa mafuta ochulukirapo kwa mphindi 1-2 ndikololedwa.
Ponena za kukonzekera ndi kusamalira njira yochotsera mafuta, kukonzekera njira zochotsera mafuta ndi njira zochotsera mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi kosavuta. Choyamba, gwiritsani ntchito 2/3 ya madzi a thanki kuti musungunule zinthu zina kupatula ma surfactants, ndikusakaniza nthawi yomweyo (kuti mankhwala asasungunuke). Popeza zinthuzi zimatulutsa kutentha zikasungunuka, palibe chifukwa chozitenthetsera. Ma surfactants ayenera kusungunuka padera ndi madzi otentha musanawonjezere. Ngati sangathe kusungunuka nthawi imodzi, madzi oyera apamwamba amatha kutsanulidwa kenako madzi amatha kuwonjezeredwa kuti asungunuke. Onjezani ku voliyumu yomwe mwasankha ndikusakaniza bwino musanagwiritse ntchito.
Ndikofunika kuganizira za kasamalidwe ka mafuta ochotsera mafuta:
① Yesani ndi kudzaza zinthu nthawi zonse. Ma surfactants ayenera kuwonjezeredwa pa 1/3 mpaka 1/2 ya kuchuluka koyambirira sabata iliyonse kapena kawiri pa sabata malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kupanga.
② Ma plate achitsulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito sayenera kukhala ndi zinthu zodetsa zitsulo zolemera kwambiri kuti zisalowe mu utoto. Kuchuluka kwa magetsi kuyenera kukhala pa 5-10 A/dm², ndipo kusankha kwake kuyenera kuonetsetsa kuti thovu likusintha mokwanira. Izi sizimangotsimikizira kuti madontho a mafuta achotsedwa pamakina pamwamba pa elekitirodi komanso zimasokoneza yankho. Ngati utoto wa mafuta pamwamba pake ndi wokhazikika, kuchuluka kwa magetsi kukakhala kwakukulu, liwiro lochotsa mafuta limathamanga kwambiri.
③ Madontho a mafuta oyandama mu thanki ayenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo.
④ Tsukani matope ndi dothi nthawi zonse mu thanki, ndipo sinthani madzi a thanki mwachangu.
⑤ Yesani kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants otsika thovu mu electrolyte; apo ayi, kulowetsedwa kwawo mu thanki ya electroplating kudzakhudza ubwino wake.
Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ndikuwongolera njira yopangira asidi (pickling)?
Monga njira yochotsera mafuta, kupukuta asidi (kupukuta) kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukonzekera kupukuta. Njira ziwirizi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi popanga kupukuta, ndipo cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikuchotsa dzimbiri ndi mamba a oxide m'zigawo zokulunga zitsulo.
Kawirikawiri, njira yochotsera ma oxide ambiri imatchedwa strong etching, ndipo njira yochotsera mafilimu owonda a oxide omwe saoneka bwino ndi maso imatchedwa weak etching, yomwe ingagawidwenso kukhala chemical etching ndi electrochemical etching. Weak etching imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yomaliza yochizira pambuyo pa strong etching, mwachitsanzo, workpiece isanayambe electroplating process. Ndi njira yoyambitsa pamwamba pa chitsulo ndipo imanyalanyazidwa mosavuta popanga, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe electroplating peeling imagwirira ntchito.
Ngati yankho lofooka lopaka utoto ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo za yankho lotsatira lopaka utoto, kapena ngati kulowetsedwa kwake sikukhudza yankho lopaka utoto, ndi bwino kuyika mwachindunji zigawo zopaka utoto zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu thanki yopaka utoto popanda kuyeretsa.
Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera asidi wosungunuka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito musanayike nickel plating, kuti muwonetsetse kuti njira yochotsera mafuta ikuyenda bwino, kuchotsa mafuta kuyenera kuchitika musanayike; apo ayi, asidi ndi ma oxide achitsulo sizingagwirizane bwino, ndipo kusungunuka kwa mankhwala kudzakhala kovuta kupitiriza.
Choncho, kuti munthu aphunzire bwino kupeta asidi, ndikofunikiranso kufotokoza mfundo zazikuluzikulu izi m'njira ya chiphunzitso.
Kawirikawiri, pochotsa oxide scale kuchokera ku zitsulo ndi zitsulo, sulfuric acid ndi hydrochloric acid zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka podula acid. Njirayi ndi yosavuta, koma popanga zenizeni, zimakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa cholinga chomwe chikuyembekezeka ngati sichinayang'aniridwe.
Njira zosankhira momwe sulfuric acid imagwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri zimadalira zomwe zachitika kuti zidziwike kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a workpiece pambuyo pa pickling, zomwe, kwenikweni, sizingawongoleredwe mochuluka. Machitidwe awonetsa kuti zotsatira za pickling ya sulfuric acid pochotsa mamba a oxide pa 40°C zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa pa 20°C, koma kutentha kukakwera kwambiri, zotsatira za peeling sizimawonjezeka mofanana.
Nthawi yomweyo, mu sulfuric acid yokhala ndi kuchuluka kochepera 20%, pamene kuchuluka kumawonjezeka, liwiro la kukumba kwa asidi limathamanga, koma pamene kuchuluka kumapitirira 20%, liwiro la kukumba kwa asidi limachepa m'malo mwake. Pachifukwa ichi, tikukhulupirira kuti mikhalidwe yokhazikika ya 10%-20% ya kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid ndi kukumba pansi pa 60°C ndiyoyenera kwambiri. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti ponena za kukalamba kwa yankho la sulfuric acid, nthawi zambiri, pamene kuchuluka kwa chitsulo mu yankho la pickling kumapitirira 80 g/L ndipo kuchuluka kwa ferrous sulfate kumapitirira 2.5 g/L, yankho la sulfuric acid silingagwiritsidwenso ntchito.
Pa nthawiyi, yankho liyenera kuziziritsidwa kuti lipangitse kuti sulfate yachitsulo yochulukirapo ipangike ndikuchotsedwa, kenako asidi watsopano ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pa ndondomekoyi.
Njira zosankhira momwe asidi amapangira kuti asidi agwiritsidwe ntchito: kuchuluka kwa asidi kuyenera kuyendetsedwa pa 10%-20%, ndipo njirayi iyenera kuchitika kutentha kwa chipinda. Poyerekeza ndi sulfuric acid, pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana ya kuchuluka ndi kutentha, liwiro la hydrochloric acid limathamanga nthawi 1.5-2 kuposa la sulfuric acid.
Kaya kugwiritsa ntchito sulfuric acid kapena hydrochloric acid podula asidi kumadalira momwe zinthu zilili. Mwachitsanzo, podula kwambiri zitsulo zachitsulo, sulfuric acid kapena hydrochloric acid nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena "acid wosakaniza" wa ziwirizi mu gawo linalake.
Komabe, mtundu wa asidi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka mankhwala mwamphamvu umadalira kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka ma oxide pamwamba pa zitsulo ndi zitsulo. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti ma oxides akuyenda mofulumira, mtengo wotsika wopanga, komanso kusintha pang'ono kwa zinthu zachitsulo komanso kuphwanyika kwa haidrojeni. Komabe, ziyenera kumveka kuti kuchotsa ma oxide scales mu hydrochloric acid kumadalira kwambiri kusungunuka kwa hydrochloric acid, ndipo mphamvu ya haidrojeni yochotsa ma peeling ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa ya sulfuric acid. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito asidi mukamagwiritsa ntchito hydrochloric acid yokha kumakhala kokwera kuposa mukagwiritsa ntchito sulfuric acid yokha.
Pamene mamba a dzimbiri ndi okosidi pamwamba pa zigawo zomangira ali ndi kuchuluka kwa ma iron oxides ambiri, kusakaniza kwa asidi osakaniza kungagwiritsidwe ntchito, komwe sikungogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya haidrojeni pa mamba a okosidi komanso kumathandizira kusungunuka kwa mankhwala kwa ma oxides. Komabe, ngati pamwamba pa chitsulo pali zinthu zotayirira zokha (makamaka Fe₂O₃), hydrochloric acid yokha ingagwiritsidwe ntchito podula chifukwa cha liwiro lake lodula, kusungunuka kochepa kwa substrate, komanso kusungunuka kochepa kwa haidrojeni.
Koma pamene pamwamba pa chitsulo pali sikelo yokhuthala ya oxide, kugwiritsa ntchito hydrochloric acid yokha kumadya zambiri, kumakhala ndi mtengo wokwera, komanso kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pa sikelo ya oxide kuposa sulfuric acid, kotero sulfuric acid ndi yabwino.
Kudula kwa electrolytic (electrolytic acid, electrochemical etching), kaya cathodic electrolysis, anodic electrolysis, kapena PR electrolysis (periodic reversal electrolysis, yomwe nthawi zina imasintha ma poles abwino ndi oipa a workpiece), ikhoza kuchitika mu 5%-20% sulfuric acid solution.
Poyerekeza ndi kupukutira mankhwala, kupukutira kwa electrolytic kumatha kuchotsa mwachangu mamba a oxide ogwirizana bwino, kumayambitsa dzimbiri pang'ono ku chitsulo choyambira, ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndikuwongolera, ndipo ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating lines odzipangira okha. PR electrolysis imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Japan kuchotsa mamba a oxide ku chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Ku China, ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito cathodic ndi anodic electrolytic pickling pamodzi ndi electrolytic degreasing pokonza pre-plating. Anodic electrolytic acid ya zitsulo zachitsulo ndi yoyenera kukonza zigawo zachitsulo zokhala ndi ma oxide scales ambiri ndi dzimbiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatha kuchitika kutentha kwa chipinda. Kuonjezera kutentha kumatha kuwonjezera liwiro la acid etching, koma osati kwambiri monga chemical acid etching. Kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa current kungafulumizitse liwiro la acid etching, koma ngati ili yokwera kwambiri, chitsulo choyambira sichidzagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Panthawiyi, kusungunuka kwa mankhwala ndi ma elekitiroma kwa chitsulo choyambira kumatha, zomwe zimangosiya mphamvu yochotsa mpweya pa ma oxide scales. Chifukwa chake, liwiro lochotsa limawonjezeka pang'ono, zomwe ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa mwaluso. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa 5-10 A/dm² ndikoyenera. Pa anodic acid etching, o-xylene thiourea kapena sulfonated woodworking glue ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zoletsa, ndi mlingo wa 3-5 g/L; pa cathodic electrolytic acid ya zitsulo zachitsulo, sulfuric acid solution ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, kapena asidi wosakaniza wa pafupifupi 5% sulfuric acid ndi 5% hydrochloric acid, kuphatikiza kuchuluka koyenera kwa sodium chloride. Chifukwa palibe njira yodziwikiratu ya mankhwala ndi ma elekitiroma ya substrate yachitsulo (chitsulo), kuwonjezera moyenera mankhwala okhala ndi Cl⁻ kungathandize kumasula ma oxide scales pamwamba pa ziwalo ndikufulumizitsa liwiro lochotsa. Nthawi yomweyo, formaldehyde kapena urotropine zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zoletsa.
Mwachidule, sulfuric acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podula chitsulo, mkuwa, ndi mkuwa. Kuwonjezera pa zomwe zili pamwambapa, sulfuric acid, pamodzi ndi chromic acid ndi dichromates, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kuchotsa ma oxide ndi smut kuchokera ku aluminiyamu.
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi hydrofluoric acid kapena nitric acid kapena zonse ziwiri kuchotsa mamba a oxide kuchokera ku chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Ubwino wa hydrochloric acid ndikuti imatha kusonkhanitsa bwino zitsulo zambiri kutentha kwa chipinda; chimodzi mwa zoyipa zake ndikuti chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa kuti tipewe nthunzi ya HCl ndi kuipitsidwa kwa asidi.
Kuphatikiza apo, nitric acid ndi phosphoric acid zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pokonza ndi manja. Nitric acid ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la zinthu zambiri zowala zokongoletsa. Imasakanizidwa ndi hydrofluoric acid pochotsa mamba a oxide okonza kutentha kuchokera ku aluminiyamu, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ma alloy okhala ndi nickel ndi iron, titaniyamu, zirconium, ndi ma alloy ena okhala ndi cobalt.
Asidi ya phosphoric imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa dzimbiri m'zigawo zachitsulo komanso m'njira zapadera zothanikira thanki zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, aluminiyamu, mkuwa, ndi mkuwa. Asidi wosakaniza wa phosphoric acid-nitric acid-acetic acid umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza anodizing yowala ya zigawo za aluminiyamu. Asidi ya fluoroboric yatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira pickling ya zitsulo zopangidwa ndi lead kapena zigawo za mkuwa kapena mkuwa ndi tin solder.
Zanenedwa kuti kuchotsa mamba ndi ma oxide achitsulo kumadya 5% ya sulfuric acid yomwe imapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, 25% ya hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid yambiri, komanso nitric acid yambiri ndi phosphoric acid yambiri.
Chifukwa chake, kudziwa bwino kugwiritsa ntchito ma asidi awa podula asidi ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri paukadaulo wogwiritsira ntchito pokonza ma plating. Komabe, sikovuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito, koma sikophweka kuwagwiritsa ntchito bwino, kuwasunga, komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januware-29-2026