Kugira ngo umenye neza kandi ucunge neza inzira yo gukuraho amavuta, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa neza ihame ry’imikoranire hagati y’igitambaro n’icyuma. Iyi ngingo ikunze kwirengagizwa, bityo bigatera ingorane mu gushyira mu bikorwa.
Ibikoresho bifatika bigaragaza ko imikoranire ya mekanike iterwa n'ubukana bw'igitambaro n'ubuso bw'icyuma iba ikomeye gusa iyo hari imikoranire hagati ya molekile n'ingufu z'icyuma hagati yacyo n'icyuma. Imbaraga z'ibitambaro n'ingufu z'icyuma zishobora kugaragara gusa mu ntera nto cyane.
Iyo intera iri hagati ya molekile irenze 5μm, imbaraga hagati ya molekile ntizigikora. Kubwibyo, agace gato k'amavuta n'agace k'isuku ku buso bw'ubutaka nabyo bishobora kubangamira imbaraga hagati ya molekile cyangwa icyuma zo gufatanya.
Kugira ngo ugere kuri iyi ngingo yavuzwe haruguru, ni ngombwa gukuraho ibizinga by'amavuta, ingese n'ingano ya okiside ku bicuruzwa neza cyane. Ijambo "ryuzuye" tuvuga ntirisobanura ko ubuso bugomba kuba busukuye neza nyuma yo gusukurwa mbere, ahubwo bivuze gusa ko bufite ubuso bukwiye. Ubuso bwitwa ubwujuje ibisabwa mu by'ukuri bivuze ko firime zangiza amashanyarazi zigomba gukurwaho nyuma yo gusukurwa mbere hanyuma zigasimbuzwa firime zikwiriye kwakira amashanyarazi.
Muri icyo gihe, binyuze mu gutunganya mbere yo gutwikira, ubuso bw'icyuma bugomba kuba burambuye rwose. Nyuma yo gutunganya ibikoresho nko gusya, gusiga irangi, gushwanyagurika, gutwika umucanga, nibindi, gushwanyagurika bigaragara, gupfuka n'ibindi bidafite ishingiro ku buso birakurwaho, kugira ngo ubuso bw'ubutaka buhuze n'ibisabwa mu gutunganya no kurangiza ibice byabwo mbere yo gukuraho amavuta no gukuraho ingese.
Iyi ngingo igomba kuba isobanutse neza. Iyo iyi ngingo isobanutse neza ni bwo dushobora guhitamo neza kandi mu buryo bufatika inzira yo gutunganya mbere yo gushyiramo irangi n'ifishi mu buryo busa bwo gutunganya mbere yo gushyiramo irangi.
Ni gute wakoresha uburyo bwo gukuraho amavuta mu musaruro?
Ubusanzwe, uburyo bwo gukuraho amavuta hakoreshejwe alkali bukoreshwa. Imiterere y'uburyo bwo gukuraho amavuta n'imiterere y'uburyo ibintu bikorwamo bitoranywa hakurikijwe imiterere y'ikizinga cy'amavuta n'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma.
Iyo hari amavuta menshi afatanye n'ubuso, ni ukuvuga ko urwego rw'amavuta ari runini cyane, rufite amavuta menshi kandi afashe, ntabwo byoroshye kuyakuraho gusa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuyakuraho. Ni ngombwa kubanza gukoresha ubundi buryo nko koza amavuta mbere yo kuyakuraho, hanyuma ugakoresha uburyo bwo kuyakuraho. Uburyo bwo kuyakuraho ni alkaline cyane, kandi butera ingese igaragara iyo buhuye n'ibyuma bimwe na bimwe.
Kubwibyo, mu gihe cyo gukuraho amavuta ku bice nk'aluminiyumu na zinki, bigomba gukorwa mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buke kandi buri munsi ya alkali nyinshi uko bishoboka kose. Muri rusange, birakwiye ko ibice by'icyuma bisukura alkali nyinshi, ariko mu gihe cyo gutunganya ibice by'icyuma bitarimo feri, pH y'umuti wo gukuraho amavuta igomba guhindurwa ku rugero rukwiye. Urugero, aluminiyumu, zinki n'ibindi bikoresho byabyo bigomba kugira pH igenzurwa iri munsi ya 11, kandi igihe cyo gukuraho amavuta kuri ibyo bicuruzwa ntikigomba kurenza iminota 3.
Ukurikije ikiguzi, bamwe bashyigikira ko kugabanya ubushyuhe buke binyuranyije no kunoza imikorere. Uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ni ko umuvuduko w’imikorere y’amavuta n’imiti hagati y’amavuta afatanye n’ubuso n’ibikoresho byo gusukura wihuta, kandi ni ko kugabanya amavuta byoroha.
Imyitozo yagaragaje ko ubushyuhe bw'ibisigazwa by'amavuta bugabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, bityo gukuraho amavuta biroroshye, ariko ubushyuhe buke ntabwo bugira ingaruka nk'izi. Kubwibyo, bifatwa nko gukoresha emulsifiers na surfactants. Ku bijyanye no kumenya niba gukuraho amavuta mu bushyuhe bwinshi ari byiza n'ubushyuhe bukwiye kugenzurwa, ubunararibonye bw'umwanditsi ni uko ubushyuhe bwa 70-80°C ari bwo bwiza kurushaho. Ibi bishobora kandi gufasha gukuraho ubukana bw'ibisigazwa by'icyuma cy'ibanze buterwa no gukora imashini, ibi bikaba ari ingirakamaro cyane mu kunoza uburyo irangi rifatana, cyane cyane hagati ya nikeli nyinshi.
Ibice by'icyuma bisanzwe bishobora gukoresha uburyo bwo gukuraho amavuta hamwe, nko gukuraho amavuta ya cathodic bwa mbere mu minota 3-5, hanyuma gukuraho amavuta ya anodic mu minota 1-2, cyangwa gukuraho amavuta ya anodic bwa mbere mu minota 3-5, hanyuma gukuraho amavuta ya cathodic mu minota 1-2. Ibi bishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe inzira ebyiri zo gukuraho amavuta cyangwa gukoresha amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe igikoresho cyo guhindura imikorere.
Ku byuma bikomeye cyane, icyuma cyo mu mpeshyi n'ibice bito, kugira ngo hirindwe ko hidorojeni yangirika, hakorwa gusa isuku ya anode mu minota myinshi. Ariko, ibice by'icyuma bitari fer nk'umuringa n'umuringa ntibishobora gukoresha isuku ya anode, kandi isuku ya cathode mu minota 1-2 ni yo yemerewe.
Mu bijyanye no gutegura no kubungabunga umuti ukuraho amavuta, gutegura umuti ukuraho amavuta n'umuti ukuraho amavuta hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi biroroshye cyane. Ubwa mbere, koresha 2/3 cy'amazi mu kigega kugira ngo ushongeshe ibindi bikoresho uretse imiti igabanya amavuta, kandi ubyuke icyarimwe (kugira ngo wirinde ko umuti ushonga). Kubera ko imiti isohora ubushyuhe iyo ishongeshejwe, nta mpamvu yo kubishyushya. Imiti igabanya amavuta igomba gushongeshwa ukwayo n'amazi ashyushye mbere yo kongeramo. Niba idashobora gushongeshwa icyarimwe, amazi meza yo hejuru ashobora gusukwa hanyuma amazi agashobora gushongeshwa. Shyiramo ingano yagenwe hanyuma ubyuke neza mbere yo kubikoresha.
Hakwiye kwitabwaho uburyo bwo gucunga amazi akuraho amavuta:
① Suzuma ibikoresho kandi wongere ubishyire mu ruganda buri gihe. Imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima ...
② Ibyuma bikoreshwa ntibigomba kuba birimo imyanda myinshi y'icyuma kugira ngo bitajya mu gipfundikizo. Ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi bugomba kuguma kuri 5-10 A/dm², kandi guhitamo kwayo bigomba kwemeza ko uduce tw'amazi duhinduka bihagije. Ibi ntibituma gusa ibitonyanga by'amavuta biva ku buso bwa electrode bicika, ahubwo binatera ihindagurika ry'umuti. Iyo ibara ry'amavuta yo hejuru rihoraho, uko ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi burushaho kuba bwinshi, niko umuvuduko wo kuyakuraho wihuta.
③ Ibizinga by'amavuta biri mu gikoresho bigomba gukurwaho vuba.
④ Sukura imyanda n'ibisigazwa by'amazi mu kigega buri gihe, kandi usimbuze umuti w'ikigega vuba.
⑤ Gerageza gukoresha imiti igabanya ifuro mu buryo butuma ikora neza; bitabaye ibyo, kuyishyira mu gikoresho cyo gushushanya amashanyarazi bizagira ingaruka ku bwiza.
Ni gute wamenya no gucunga uburyo bwo gukata aside (gutunganya)?
Kimwe no gukuraho amavuta, gusiga aside (pickling) bigira uruhare runini mu gutunganya mbere yo gusiga. Izi nzira zombi zikoreshwa hamwe no gukora mbere yo gusiga, kandi intego yazo nyamukuru ni ugukuraho ingese n'ibice bya okiside mu bice by'icyuma gisukamo.
Ubusanzwe, inzira ikoreshwa mu gukuraho oxide nyinshi yitwa strong etching, naho inzira ikoreshwa mu gukuraho oxide films nto zitagaragara neza n'amaso yitwa weak etching, ishobora kugabanywamo chemical etching na electrochemical etching. Weak etching ikoreshwa nk'inzira ya nyuma yo kuvura nyuma yo gukata cyane, ni ukuvuga mbere yuko igikoresho kinjira mu nzira ya electroplating. Ni inzira yo gukora ku buso bw'icyuma kandi byoroshye kwirengagizwa mu gukora, ikaba ari imwe mu mpamvu zituma electroplating epeal ikorwa.
Niba umuti wo gukata udakomeye ari kimwe mu bigize umuti ukurikira wo gukata, cyangwa niba uwo muti utazagira ingaruka ku muti wo gukata, ni byiza gushyira ibice byakozwe mu gikoresho cyo gukata mu gikoresho cyo gukata nta gusukura.
Urugero, hamwe n'umuti ugabanya aside ukoreshwa mbere yo gushushanya nickel, kugira ngo inzira yo gushushanya igende neza, hagomba gukorwa gusesengura aside mbere yo gushushanya; bitabaye ibyo, aside na oxyde z'icyuma ntibishobora gukorana neza, kandi uburyo bwo gushonga kw'imiti buzagorana gukomeza.
Kubwibyo, kugira ngo umenye neza gukata aside, ni ngombwa kandi gusobanura aya mahame shingiro mu buryo bw'imitekerereze.
Ubusanzwe, kugira ngo ukureho ingano ya okiside mu byuma n'ibyuma, aside sulfurike na aside hydrochloric ahanini bikoreshwa mu gukata aside. Uburyo bworoshye, ariko mu gukora nyabyo, biragoye kugera ku ntego witeze niba utitaweho.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo imiterere y’uburyo aside sulfuriki ikoreshwa mu gukata irangi bikunze gushingira ku bunararibonye kugira ngo hamenyekane uko igikoresho giteye nyuma yo gukata irangi, ibyo bikaba bidashobora kugenzurwa mu buryo bw’ingano. Imyitozo yagaragaje ko ingaruka zo gukata irangi sulfuriki mu gukuraho ibipimo bya okiside kuri 40°C ari nyinshi cyane kuruta kuri 20°C, ariko iyo ubushyuhe bwiyongereye cyane, ingaruka zo gukata irangi ntiziyongera ku rugero rungana.
Muri icyo gihe, muri aside sulfurike ifite igipimo kiri munsi ya 20%, uko igipimo cyiyongera, umuvuduko wo gukata aside wihuta, ariko iyo igipimo kirenze 20%, umuvuduko wo gukata aside uragabanuka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, twizera ko imiterere isanzwe y’icyiciro cya aside sulfurike 10%-20% n’icyiciro kiri munsi ya 60°C ari byo bikwiye kurushaho. Tugomba kandi kumenya ko ku bijyanye n’igihe cy’isaza ry’icyiciro cya aside sulfurike, muri rusange, iyo icyuma kiri mu gipimo cyo gukata kirenze 80 g/L n’igipimo cya ferrous sulfate kirenze 2.5 g/L, igisubizo cya aside sulfurike ntigishobora kongera gukoreshwa.
Muri iki gihe, umuti ugomba gukonjeshwa kugira ngo uhinduke uturemangingo tw’icyuma gishyushye kandi dukureho sulfate ya ferufe irenze urugero, hanyuma hakongerwamo aside nshya kugira ngo ihuze n’ibisabwa mu buryo.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo imiterere y’uburyo aside hydrochloric ikoreshwa mu gukata aside: ubunini bw’aside bugomba kugenzurwa kuri 10%-20%, kandi uburyo bugomba gukorwa ku bushyuhe bw’icyumba. Ugereranyije na aside sulfurike, mu bihe bimwe by’ubunini n’ubushyuhe, umuvuduko w’ubunini bw’aside hydrochloric wihuta inshuro 1.5-2 ugereranyije n’ubwa aside sulfurike.
Gukoresha aside sulfuriki cyangwa aside hydrochloric mu gukata aside biterwa n'imiterere yihariye y'umusaruro nyakuri. Urugero, mu gukata cyane ibyuma bya ferrous, aside sulfuriki cyangwa aside hydrochloric bikunze gukoreshwa, cyangwa "aside ivanze" muri byo bibiri mu rugero runaka.
Ariko, ubwoko bwa aside ikoreshwa mu gukata cyane mu byuma biterwa n'imiterere n'imiterere ya okiside ku buso bw'ibice by'icyuma n'icyuma. Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko gukata vuba, ikiguzi gito cyo gukora, no guhindura ibintu mu buryo buciriritse no gushwanyagurika kwa hydrogen ku byuma uko bishoboka kose. Ariko, bigomba kumvikana ko gukuraho ingano ya okiside muri aside hydrochloric ahanini bishingiye ku gushonga kwa aside hydrochloric, kandi ingaruka za hydrogen zo gukata ni nto cyane ugereranyije n'iziri muri aside sulfuric. Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa rya aside iyo ukoresheje aside hydrochloric yonyine ni rinini ugereranyije no gukoresha aside sulfuric yonyine.
Iyo ingese n'ibipimo bya okiside ku buso bw'ibice bipfundikiye birimo ingano nini ya okiside z'icyuma zivanze, hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bwo gukata aside ivanze, ibyo bikaba bidatanga gusa ingaruka zo gukata hydrogen ku bipimo bya okiside ahubwo binatuma okiside zishonga neza. Ariko, niba ubuso bw'icyuma bufite ibintu byange gusa (cyane cyane Fe₂O₃), aside hydrochloric yonyine ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukata kubera umuvuduko wayo wo gukata, gushonga guke kw'ubutaka, no gushonga guke kwa hydrogen.
Ariko iyo ubuso bw'icyuma bufite umunzani wa okiside nyinshi, gukoresha aside hydrochloric byonyine bitwara byinshi, bigira ikiguzi kinini, kandi bikagira ingaruka mbi zo gukuraho okiside kurusha aside sulfuric, bityo aside sulfuric iba nziza kurushaho.
Gucukura amashanyarazi (aside electrolytic, gucukura amashanyarazi), byaba electrolysis ya cathodic, electrolysis ya anodic, cyangwa electrolysis ya PR (electrolysis ya reversed electrolysis, ihindura buri gihe inkingi nziza n'imbi z'ikintu gikorerwamo), bishobora gukorwa mu gisubizo cya aside sulfurique ya 5%-20%.
Ugereranyije no gushushanya hakoreshejwe imiti, gushushanya hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi bishobora gukuraho vuba iminzani ya okiside ifatanye neza, bigatera ingese nke ku cyuma cy’ibanze, biroroshye gukoresha no gucunga, kandi birakwiriye imiyoboro ya electroplating yikora. Electrolysis ya PR ikoreshwa cyane mu Buyapani mu gukuraho iminzani ya okiside mu cyuma kitagira umugese.
Mu Bushinwa, benshi bakoresha uburyo bwo gukata aside na anodic electrolytic pickling hamwe no gukata amavuta hakoreshejwe electrolytic degreasing mbere yo kuyitunganya. Aside anodic electrolytic ikoreshwa mu byuma bya ferrous ikwiriye gutunganywa mu byuma bifite ingano nini ya okiside na ngese, kandi akenshi ishobora gukorwa mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Kongera ubushyuhe bishobora kongera umuvuduko wo gukata aside, ariko ntabwo ari nko gukata aside ya chemical. Kongera ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi bishobora kwihutisha umuvuduko wo gukata aside, ariko iyo ari hejuru cyane, icyuma cy'ibanze kizahinduka nk'aho kidakora.
Muri iki gihe, gushonga kw'ibinyabutabire n'ibinyabutabire by'icyuma cy'ibanze birashira, hagasigara gusa ingaruka zo gukuraho umwuka wa ogisijeni ku gipimo cya ogisijeni. Kubwibyo, umuvuduko wo gushonga wiyongera gato, ugomba gutegurwa neza. Ubusanzwe, ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi bwa 5-10 A/dm² ni bwo bukwiye. Ku gushonga kwa aside anodike, kole ya o-xylene thiourea cyangwa sulfonated woodworking irashobora gukoreshwa nk'imiti ibuza, hamwe n'ingano ya 3-5 g/L; kuri aside cathodic electrolytic y'ibyuma bya ferrous, umuti wa aside sulfurike ushobora gukoreshwa, cyangwa aside ivanze ya aside sulfurike ya 5% na aside hydrochloric ya 5%, hamwe n'ingano ikwiye ya sodium chloride. Kubera ko nta buryo bugaragara bwo gushonga kwa aside sulfurike na electrochemical bw'icyuma (icyuma), kongeramo ibintu birimo Cl⁻ bikwiye gufasha kurekura ibinyabutabire bya ogisijeni ku buso bw'ibice no kwihutisha umuvuduko wo gushonga. Muri icyo gihe, formaldehyde cyangwa urotropine bishobora gukoreshwa nk'imiti ibuza.
Muri make, aside sulfurike ikoreshwa cyane mu gukata aside mu byuma, umuringa, n'umuringa. Uretse ibyo twavuze haruguru, aside sulfurike, hamwe na aside chromic na dichromate, ikoreshwa nk'ikintu gikoreshwa mu gukuraho okiside n'ibintu bivanze muri aluminiyumu.
Ikoreshwa hamwe na aside hydrofluoric cyangwa aside nitrique cyangwa byombi kugira ngo ikureho ingano ya okiside mu cyuma kitagira umwanda. Akamaro ka aside hydrochloric ni uko ishobora gukurura neza ibyuma byinshi ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba; kimwe mu bibi byayo ni uko hagomba kwitabwaho mu gukumira umwuka wa HCl n'ihumana ry'ibihumyo bya aside.
Byongeye kandi, aside nitrike na aside fosforike nabyo bikunze gukoreshwa mu gutunganya intoki mbere yo gupfunyika. Aside nitrike ni ingenzi mu bintu byinshi bitanga ubushyuhe. Ivangwa na aside hydrofluoric kugira ngo ikureho ibipimo bya okiside yo gutunganya ubushyuhe muri aluminiyumu, icyuma kitagira umugese, aloyide zishingiye kuri nikeli n'icyuma, titaniyumu, zirconium, na aloyi zimwe na zimwe zishingiye kuri kobalti.
Aside fosforike ikoreshwa mu gukuraho ingese mu byuma ndetse no mu bisubizo byihariye by’icyuma kitagira umugese, aluminiyumu, umuringa, n’umuringa. Aside fosforike-aside nitrike-aside asetiki ivanze ikoreshwa mu gutunganya mbere yo gusiga neza ibice bya aluminiyumu. Aside fluoroborike yagaragaye ko ari yo ikoreshwa cyane mu gusiga amavuta akozwe muri lisansi cyangwa ibice by’umuringa cyangwa umuringa hamwe n’icyuma gishongesha icyuma.
Byaratangajwe ko gukuraho iminzani ya okiside y'icyuma na okiside bitwara 5% by'umusaruro wa aside sulfurike ku isi, 25% bya aside hydrochloric, aside hydrofluoric nyinshi, hamwe n'ingano nini ya aside nitrike na aside fosforike.
Kubwibyo, kumenya neza ikoreshwa ry’izi aside mu gukata aside ni ikibazo cy’ingenzi mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzikoresha mbere yo kuzishyira ku gisenge. Ariko, ntabwo bigoye kuzikoresha, ariko ntabwo byoroshye kuzikoresha neza, kuzibika no kugabanya ikoreshwa ryazo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-29-2026