Kuti unyatsogona uye utungamirire maitiro ekubvisa mafuta zvakanaka, zvakakosha kunzwisisa nemazvo musimboti wekubatana pakati pejira nesimbi. Pfungwa iyi inowanzo furatirwa, zvichikonzera matambudziko mukushanda.
Zvinhu zvine chekuita nazvo zvinoratidza kuti kubatana kwemuchina kunokonzerwa nekuomarara kwejira nepamusoro pe substrate kunongosimba chete kana paine kubatana kwepakati pemamorekuru nepakati pesimbi pakati pejira nesimbi. Masimba epakati pemamorekuru nepakati pesimbi anogona kuoneka chete mukati diki diki.
Kana daro riri pakati pemamorekuru richidarika 5μm, simba repakati pemamorekuru harichashandi. Nokudaro, firimu remafuta rakatetepa uye firimu reokisijeni pamusoro pe substrate rinogonawo kukanganisa simba repakati pemamorekuru kana simbi.
Kuti tikwanise kuita izvi zvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvakakosha kubvisa mavara emafuta, ngura uye oxide scale kubva muzvigadzirwa zvakanyatsonaka. Izwi rekuti "zvakakwana" ratiri kutaura nezvaro harirevi kuti pamusoro pacho panofanira kunge pakachena zvachose mushure mekuiswa jira, asi kuti panenge paine nzvimbo yakakodzera. Nzvimbo inonzi yakakwana zvinoreva kuti mafirimu anokuvadza pakuiswa jira anofanira kubviswa mushure mekuiswa jira uye kutsiviwa nemafirimu akakodzera kugamuchira kuiswa jira.
Panguva imwe chete, kuburikidza nekugadzirira simbi isati yaiswa, simbi inofanira kunge yakati sandara zvachose. Mushure mekugadzirisa simbi dzakadai sekukuya, kupukuta, kudonha, kuputira jecha, nezvimwewo, kukwenya kwakajeka, maburi nezvimwe zvikanganiso pamusoro zvinobviswa, kuitira kuti simbi isangane nezvinodiwa zvekugadzirisa simbi uye kupedzisa simbi isati yabviswa mafuta uye ngura.
Pfungwa iyi inofanira kujeka. Kana pfungwa iyi yajeka chete ndipo patinogona kusarudza nemazvo uye nemazvo nzira yekurapa isati yaiswa jira uye fomura pakati pemafomula akafanana ekurapa isati yaiswa jira.
Maitiro ekushandisa nzira yekubvisa mafuta mukugadzirwa?
Kubvisa mafuta mumafuta emusanganiswa wealkaline kunowanzo shandiswa. Musanganiswa wemushonga wekubvisa mafuta uye mamiriro ekushanda kwawo zvinosarudzwa zvichienderana nemamiriro eganda remafuta uye rudzi rwesimbi.
Kana mafuta akawanda akanamatira pamusoro, kureva kuti, mafuta acho akakora zvikuru, aine kunzwa kwemafuta uye kunamira, haagone kubviswa zviri nyore chete nekubviswa kwemafuta mualkaline. Zvakakosha kutanga washandisa dzimwe nzira dzakadai sekukwesha ne solvent pakubvisa mafuta usati watanga, wobva wabvisa mafuta mualkaline. Mushonga wekubvisa mafuta mualkaline une alkaline yakawanda, uye unokonzera ngura yakajeka painosangana nedzimwe simbi.
Saka, pakubvisa mafuta muzvikamu zvakaita searuminiyamu nezinc, zvinofanira kuitwa mumamiriro ekunze ane tembiricha yakaderera uye ane alkali shoma zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Kazhinji zvinogamuchirwa kurapa zvikamu zvesimbi nealkalinity yakakwira, asi pakurapa zvikamu zvesimbi zvisina ferrous, pH yemushonga wekubvisa mafuta inofanira kugadziriswa kusvika padanho rakakodzera. Semuenzaniso, aruminiyamu, zinc uye alloys dzadzo dzinofanira kunge dzine pH inodzorwa iri pasi pe11, uye nguva yekubvisa mafuta muzvigadzirwa zvakadaro haifanirwe kudarika maminetsi matatu.
Panyaya yemutengo, vamwe vanotsigira kudzikisa mafuta patembiricha yakaderera, asi kudzikisa tembiricha kunopesana nekuvandudzwa kwekushanda zvakanaka. Kana tembiricha yakakwira, kukurumidza kwekuita kwemuviri nemakemikari pakati pemafuta anonamatira pamusoro pechinhu chinochenesa kunoita kuti mafuta arambe achishandiswa, uye kudzikisa mafuta kunowedzerawo nyore.
Maitiro ekugadzira akaratidza kuti viscosity yemavanga emafuta inoderera sezvo tembiricha ichikwira, saka kubvisa mafuta kuri nyore kuita, asi tembiricha yakaderera haina zvazvinobatsira. Nokudaro, zvinofungidzirwa kushandisa ma emulsifiers nema surfactants. Nezvekuti kubvisa mafuta patembiricha yepamusoro kwakanaka here uye kuti tembiricha ipi yakakodzera kudzora, ruzivo rwemunyori nderwekuti 70-80°C iri nani. Izvi zvinogonawo kubatsira kubvisa kushushikana kwakasara kwesimbi yesimbi inokonzerwa nekugadzira, izvo zvinobatsira zvikuru pakuvandudza kunamira kwependi, kunyanya pakati pe nickels dzakawanda.
Zvikamu zvesimbi zvinogona kushandisa kubviswa kwemafuta pamwe chete, senge kubviswa kwekutanga kwemafuta e cathodic kwemaminitsi 3-5, wozobviswa kwemafuta e anodic kwemaminitsi 1-2, kana kubviswa kwekutanga kwemafuta e anodic kwemaminitsi 3-5, wozobviswa kwemafuta e cathodic kwemaminitsi 1-2. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nekubvisa mafuta kaviri kana kushandisa magetsi ane mudziyo wekuchinja.
Kune simbi yakasimba, simbi yechitubu nezvikamu zvitete, kuitira kudzivirira hydrogen kupwanyika, kubvisa mafuta anodic chete kunoitwa kwemaminitsi akati wandei. Zvisinei, zvikamu zvesimbi zvisina ferrous zvakaita semhangura ne copper alloys hazvigone kushandisa kubvisa mafuta anodic, uye kubvisa mafuta anodic chete kwemaminitsi 1-2 ndiko kunotenderwa.
Panyaya yekugadzirira nekugadzirisa mushonga wekubvisa mafuta, kugadzirira mishonga yekubvisa mafuta ne electrolytic degreasing solutions kuri nyore. Kutanga, shandisa 2/3 yehuwandu hwemvura mutangi kunyungudutsa zvimwe zvinhu kunze kwe surfactants, uye kurunga panguva imwe chete (kudzivirira mushonga kuti usanyungudike). Sezvo mishonga iyi ichiburitsa kupisa kana yanyungudika, hapana chikonzero chekuipisa. Surfactants inofanira kunyungudutswa yoga nemvura inopisa usati waiwedzera. Kana isinganyunguduke panguva imwe chete, mvura yakachena yepamusoro inogona kudururwa uye mvura inogona kuwedzerwa kuti inyunguduke. Wedzera kune vhoriyamu yakatarwa uye kurunga zvakanaka usati washandisa.
Kutarisirwa kwemvura inobvisa mafuta kunofanira kupiwa:
① Edzai uye wedzerai zvinhu nguva nenguva. Ma surfactants anofanira kuzadzwazve nehafu kusvika hafu yehuwandu hwepakutanga vhiki rega rega kana kaviri pavhiki zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa.
② Maplate esimbi anoshandiswa haafanire kunge aine tsvina yakawanda yesimbi inorema kudzivirira kuti isapinzwe mujira. Kuwanda kwesimba remagetsi kunofanirwa kugara kuri pa5-10 A/dm², uye kusarudzwa kwayo kunofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekushanduka kwakakwana kwemabubbles. Izvi hazvingovimbisi chete kubviswa kwemadonhwe emafuta kubva pamusoro pe electrode asiwo zvinomutsa mhinduro. Kana mavara emafuta pamusoro aripo nguva dzose, huwandu hwesimba remagetsi hunowedzera, kukurumidza kwekubvisa mafuta kunowedzera.
③ Mavara emafuta ari kuyerera mutangi anofanira kubviswa nenguva.
④ Gara uchichenesa tsvina netsvina mutangi, uye dzorera mvura yetangi nekukurumidza.
⑤ Edza kushandisa ma surfactants asina furo rakawanda mu electrolyte; zvikasadaro, kuiswa kwawo mu electroplating tank kuchakanganisa kunaka.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa nekubata sei maitiro ekugadzira acid (pickling)?
Kufanana nemaitiro ekubvisa mafuta, kuchekerera acid (pickling) kunoita basa rakakosha mukurapa pre-plating. Maitiro maviri aya anoshandiswa pamwe chete mukugadzira pre-plating, uye chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechekubvisa ngura nema oxide scales kubva muzvikamu zvesimbi.
Kazhinji, maitiro anoshandiswa kubvisa huwandu hwakawanda hwema oxides anonzi strong etching, uye maitiro anoshandiswa kubvisa mafirimu matete ema oxide asinganyatsooneki nemaziso anonzi weak etching, ayo anogona kukamurwazve kuita chemical etching uye electrochemical etching. Weak etching inoshandiswa senzira yekupedzisira yekurapa mushure mekusimbaradza kwakasimba, kureva, workpiece isati yapinda mu electroplating process. Inzira yekusimbisa pamusoro pesimbi uye inoregeredzwa nyore nyore mukugadzirwa, inova imwe yezvikonzero zvekusveta electroplating.
Kana mhinduro isina simba yekucheka iri imwe yezvikamu zvemhinduro inotevera yekupenda, kana kuti kana kuiswa kwayo kusingakanganisi mhinduro yekupenda, zviri nani kuisa zvakananga zvikamu zvekupenda zvakashanda mutangi rekupenda pasina kuchenesa.
Semuenzaniso, ne dilute acid activation solution inoshandiswa isati yaiswa nickel plating, kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti process yekucheka inofamba zvakanaka, kubvisa mafuta kunofanira kuitwa isati yaitwa; zvikasadaro, acid nemetal oxides hazvigone kubatana zvakanaka, uye chemical dissolving reaction ichave yakaoma kuenderera mberi.
Saka, kuti uve nyanzvi yekucheka acid zvakanaka, zvakakoshawo kujekesa misimboti iyi yedzidziso.
Kazhinji, kubvisa oxide scale kubva muzvikamu zvesimbi nesimbi, sulfuric acid nehydrochloric acid zvinonyanya kushandiswa pakucheka acid. Nzira yacho iri nyore, asi mukugadzirwa chaiko, zvakaoma kuzadzisa chinangwa chinotarisirwa kana zvisina kutariswa.
Maitiro ekusarudza mamiriro ekugadzirisa sulfuric acid anowanzo enderana neruzivo rwekuona kubva pakuonekwa kwechishandiso chebasa mushure mekusvina, izvo, mushure mezvose, hazvigone kudzorwa nehuwandu. Maitiro ekuita akaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yesvina sulfuric acid mukubvisa oxide scales pa40°C yakakura kupfuura pa20°C, asi kana tembiricha ikawedzera, mhedzisiro yesvina haiwedzere zvakaenzana.
Panguva imwe chete, mu sulfuric acid ine huwandu hwakaderera pane 20%, sezvo huwandu hunowedzera, kumhanya kwe acid etching kunowedzera, asi kana huwandu hwacho hukadarika 20%, kumhanya kwe acid etching kunodzikira panzvimbo pezvo. Nekuda kweizvi, tinotenda kuti mamiriro ekushanda akajairwa e 10%-20% sulfuric acid concentration uye etching pasi pe 60°C akakodzera zvakanyanya. Zvinofanirawo kucherechedzwa kuti maererano nehuwandu hwekukwegura kwe sulfuric acid solution, kazhinji, kana huwandu hwesimbi mu pickling solution hukadarika 80 g/L uye huwandu hwe ferrous sulfate hukadarika 2.5 g/L, sulfuric acid solution haichagone kushandiswa.
Panguva ino, mushonga unofanirwa kutonhodzwa kuti ugadzire simbi uye ubvise ferrous sulfate yakawandisa, uye ipapo acid itsva inofanira kuwedzerwa kuti ienderane nezvinodiwa pakuita.
Nzira dzekusarudza mamiriro ekugadzirisa acid yehydrochloric acid: huwandu hunofanirwa kudzorwa pa10%-20%, uye maitiro acho anofanira kuitwa patembiricha yemukamuri. Kana tichienzanisa nesulfuric acid, pasi pemamiriro akafanana ehuwandu netembiricha, kumhanya kwekuchenesa kwehydrochloric acid kunokurumidza ka1.5-2 kupfuura kwesulfuric acid.
Kuti sulfuric acid kana hydrochloric acid inofanira kushandiswa pakucheka acid zvinoenderana nemamiriro chaiwo ekugadzirwa kwayo. Semuenzaniso, pakucheka kwakasimba kwesimbi dzesimbi, sulfuric acid kana hydrochloric acid inowanzo shandiswa, kana kuti "mixed acid" yezviviri izvi mune imwe nhanho.
Zvisinei, rudzi rweasidhi inoshandiswa pakucheka zvine simba kwemakemikari zvinoenderana nekuumbwa uye chimiro chema oxides ari pamusoro pezvikamu zvesimbi nesimbi. Panguva imwe chete, zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekukasira kwekucheka, mutengo wakaderera wekugadzira, uye kushanduka kudiki uye hydrogen embrittle yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi sezvinobvira. Zvisinei, zvinofanirwa kunzwisiswa kuti kubviswa kwema oxide scales mu hydrochloric acid kunonyanya kutsakatika kwe chemically ye hydrochloric acid, uye mechanical peeling effect ye hydrogen idiki zvikuru pane iri mu sulfuric acid. Nokudaro, kushandiswa kweasidhi pakushandisa hydrochloric acid chete kwakakwira kupfuura pakushandisa sulfuric acid chete.
Kana ngura ne oxide scales pamusoro pezvikamu zve plating zvine huwandu hwakawanda hwe high-valent iron oxides, mixed acid etching inogona kushandiswa, iyo isingangoiti chete kuti hydrogen ibve pa oxide scales asi inokurumidzawo chemically dissolution yema oxides. Zvisinei, kana simbi iri pamusoro payo iine zvinhu zvisina ngura chete (kunyanya Fe₂O₃), hydrochloric acid chete inogona kushandiswa pakucheka nekuda kwekumhanya kwayo nekukurumidza, kunyungudika kwe substrate, uye hydrogen embrittlement shoma.
Asi kana pamusoro pesimbi paine chikero cheoxide chakasimba, kushandisa hydrochloric acid chete kunodya zvakawanda, kune mutengo wakakwira, uye kune mhedzisiro yakaipa yekupeta oxide pane sulfuric acid, saka sulfuric acid iri nani.
Kucheka kwemagetsi (electrolytic acid, electrochemical etching), kungave cathodic electrolysis, anodic electrolysis, kana PR electrolysis (periodic reversal electrolysis, iyo inochinja nguva nenguva mativi akanaka neasina kunaka ebasa), inogona kuitwa mu 5%-20% sulfuric acid solution.
Kana tichienzanisa nekuchekwa kwemakemikari, kuchekwa kwemagetsi kunogona kubvisa masikero eoxide akabatana zvakasimba nekukurumidza, kukonzera ngura shoma kusimbi yepasi, kuri nyore kushandisa nekugadzirisa, uye kwakakodzera mitsetse yemagetsi otomatiki. PR electrolysis inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muJapan kubvisa masikero eoxide kubva musimbi isina tsvina.
MuChina, vazhinji vanoshandisa cathodic uye anodic electrolytic pickling pamwe chete ne electrolytic degreasing pakugadzirisa pre-plating. Anodic electrolytic acid yesimbi dzesimbi dzakakodzera kugadzirisa zvikamu zvesimbi zvine huwandu hwakawanda hwe oxide scales uye ngura, uye inogona kuitwa zvakanyanya patembiricha yemumba. Kuwedzera tembiricha kunogona kuwedzera kukurumidza kwe acid etching, asi kwete zvakanyanya sekuoma kwe chemical acid. Kuwedzera huwandu hwe current density kunogona kukurumidzisa kukurumidza kwe acid etching, asi kana yakanyanya kukwira, base metal ichabviswa simba.
Panguva ino, kunyungudika kwemakemikari nemakemikari kwesimbi yepasi kunopera, zvichisiya chete simba reokisijeni pachiyero cheoxide. Nokudaro, kumhanya kwekucheka kunowedzera zvishoma, izvo zvinofanira kunzwisiswa neunyanzvi. Kazhinji, huwandu hwemazuva ano hwe5-10 A/dm² hwakakodzera. Kune anodic acid etching, o-xylene thiourea kana sulfonated woodworking glue inogona kushandiswa sezvinodzivirira, ine dosage ye3-5 g/L; kune cathodic electrolytic acid yesimbi dzesimbi, sulfuric acid solution inogona kushandiswa, kana mixed acid ye5% sulfuric acid uye 5% hydrochloric acid, pamwe nehuwandu hwakakodzera hwesodium chloride. Nekuti hapana maitiro echokwadi emakemikari nemakemikari ekugadzirisa simbi (iron), kuwedzera macompounds ane Cl⁻ zvakakodzera kunogona kubatsira kusunungura ma oxide scales pamusoro pezvikamu uye kukurumidzisa kumhanya kwekucheka. Panguva imwe chete, formaldehyde kana urotropine zvinogona kushandiswa sezvinodzivirira.
Muchidimbu, sulfuric acid inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakucheka simbi, mhangura, nemhangura neacid. Pamusoro pezvataurwa pamusoro apa, sulfuric acid, pamwe chete nechromic acid nedichromates, inoshandiswa kubvisa ma oxides ne smut kubva muaruminiyamu.
Inoshandiswa pamwe chete ne hydrofluoric acid kana nitric acid kana zvese zviri zviviri kubvisa oxide scales kubva musimbi isingatsvi. ...
Pamusoro pezvo, nitric acid nephosphoric acid zvinowanzo shandiswawo pakugadzira nemaoko pre-plating. Nitric acid chinhu chakakosha chezvinhu zvakawanda zvinopenya. Inosanganiswa nehydrofluoric acid kubvisa heat treatment oxide scales kubva kuaruminiyamu, stainless steel, nickel-based and iron-based alloys, titanium, zirconium, uye mamwe ma cobalt-based alloys.
Asidhi yePhosphoric inoshandiswa kubvisa ngura pazvikamu zvesimbi uye inoshandiswawo muzvigadziko zvetangi zvesimbi isingatsvi, aruminiyamu, brass, uye copper. Asidhi yakasanganiswa yephosphoric acid-nitric acid-acetic acid inoshandiswa pakugadzirisa anodizing yakajeka yezvikamu zvearuminiyamu. Asidhi yeFluoroboric yakaratidzwa kuva mhinduro inoshanda zvikuru ye pickling ye lead-based alloys kana zvikamu zve copper kana brass ne tin solder.
Zvakataurwa kuti kubviswa kwesimbi oxide scales nema oxides kunodya 5% ye sulfuric acid inogadzirwa pasi rose, 25% ye hydrochloric acid, yakawanda ye hydrofluoric acid, uye huwandu hwakawanda hwe nitric acid ne phosphoric acid.
Saka, kunyatsogona kushandisa maasidhi aya pakucheka acid zviri pachena kuti inyaya yakakosha muhunyanzvi hwekushandisa pakugadzirisa mapurasitiki. Zvisinei, hazvisi zvakaoma kuashandisa, asi hazvisi nyore kuashandisa zvakanaka, kuchengetedza, uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwawo.
Nguva yekutumira: Ndira-29-2026