1.Ii-Surfactants zokutsalwa kwe-Oli eNzima
Ngenxa ye-viscosity ephezulu kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kweoli yeoli, ukutsalwa kwayo kubangela imingeni ebalulekileyo. Ukufumana kwakhona i-oyile enzima ngolo hlobo, unyibiliko lwe-aqueous of surfactants ngamanye amaxesha lutofwa kwiqula ukuze kuguqulwe ubukrwada obubonakalayo bube yi-emulsion ye-oyile esezantsi-ebonakala iphantsi, enokuthi emva koko impompelwe phezulu.
I-surfactants esetyenziswe kule ndlela yokunciphisa i-oyile enzima kunye ne-viscosity yokunciphisa iquka i-alkyl sulfonate ye-sodium, i-polyoxyethylene i-alkyl alcohol ether, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyamine, kunye ne-sodium polyoxyethylene alkylalalcool ether.
I-emulsion yeoli ekhutshiweyo emanzini idinga ukuhlukana kwamanzi, apho i-industrial surfactants nayo iqeshwe njenge-demulsifiers. Ezi zidemulsifiers zizinyibilikisi zamanzi-kwi-oyile. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ziquka i-cationic surfactants okanye i-naphthenic acids, i-asphaltic acids, kunye neetyuwa zabo ze-polyvalent metal.
Ngokukodwa i-viscous crudes engenako ukutsalwa kusetyenziswa iindlela zokumpompa eziqhelekileyo, inaliti yomphunga yokubuyisela i-thermal iyafuneka. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermal, ii-surfactants ziyimfuneko. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yokutofa igwebu kwinaliti yomphunga kakuhle-ngokukodwa, i-high-temperature-resistant-foaming agents kunye neegesi ezingaguqukiyo.
Ii-agent ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo zibandakanya i-alkyl benzene sulfonates, i-α-olefin sulfonates, i-petroleum sulfonates, i-sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, kunye ne-sulfonated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo ophezulu womphezulu kunye nokuzinza ngokuchasene ne-asidi, iziseko, ioksijini, ubushushu, kunye neoyile, ii-fluorinated surfactants zezona zixhobo zifanelekileyo zobushushu bobushushu obuphezulu.
Ukuququzelela ukuhamba kweoli ehlakaziweyo ngesakhiwo se-pore-throat yokwakheka okanye ukwenza ioli kwindawo yokubunjwa kube lula ukuyikhupha, i-surfactants eyaziwa ngokuba yi-fin-film-spreading agents isetyenziswa. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yi-oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.
2.Ii-Surfactants ze-Waxy Crude Oli yokutsalwa
Ukukhupha i-oyile ekrwada ekrwada kufuna uthintelo kunye nokususwa rhoqo kwewax. Ii-surfactants zisebenza njenge-wax inhibitors kunye ne-parafini dispersants.
Ukuthintela i-wax, kukho ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwi-oyile (ezitshintsha iipropathi zomphezulu we-wax crystals) kunye ne-surfactants enyibilikayo emanzini (ethi ziguqule iipropati zemigangatho yokubekwa kwe-wax njengetyhubhu, iintonga zokufunxa, kunye nezixhobo). Ii-surfactants eziqhelekileyo ezinyibilikayo kwi-oyile ziquka i-petroleum sulfonates kunye ne-amine-type surfactants. Ukhetho olunyibilikayo lwamanzi lubandakanya i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, iityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium, i-alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, ii-ether ze-polyoxyethylene ezinevumba elimnandi, kunye ne-sodium sulfonate derivatives yazo.
Ukususwa kweparafini, ii-surfactants zikwahlulwa zibe yi-oil-soluble (esetyenziswa kwizisusi zeparafini ezisekelwe kwi-oyile) kunye ne-soluble yamanzi (njenge-sulfonate-type, i-quaternary ammonium-type, i-polyether-type, i-Tween-type, i-OP-type surfactants, kunye ne-sulfate / sulfact-type surfonated OPEG-type orfonated PEG-type).
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izenzo zasekhaya kunye nezamazwe ngamazwe zidibanise ukuthintela kunye nokususwa kwe-wax, ukudibanisa i-oyile-based based removers kunye ne-water-based removers kwii-hybridi zeparafini. Ezi zisebenzisa iihydrocarbons ezinevumba elimnandi njengenqanaba le-oyile kunye nezithambiso ezineempawu zokunyibilikisa iparafini njengesigaba samanzi. Xa i-emulsifier inendawo yelifu efanelekileyo (iqondo lobushushu apho ithi ibe namafu), isusa amandla ngaphantsi kwendawo yokubeka i-wax, ikhuphe omabini amacandelo ukuba asebenze ngaxeshanye.
3.Ii-Surfactants ze-Crude Oil Dehydration
Kwinqanaba lokuqala kunye nesibini lokubuyisela ioli, i-oyile-in-water demulsifiers isetyenziswa kakhulu. Izizukulwana ezithathu zeemveliso ziye zaphuhliswa:
1.Isizukulwana sokuqala: iiCarboxylates, iisulfates, kunye nesulfonates.
2.Isizukulwana sesibini: I-low-molecular-weight-nonionic surfactants (umz., i-OP, i-PEG, kunye ne-sulfonated castor oil).
3.Isizukulwana sesithathu: I-high-molecular-weight-weight nonionic surfactants.
Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokuchacha kunye nokuchacha kwenqanaba lesithathu, i-oyile ekrwada ihlala ikhona njengeemulsion zamanzi-kwi-oyile. Iidemulsifiers ziwela kwiindidi ezine:
·Iityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium (umzekelo, i-tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, i-dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), ezisabela nge-anionic emulsifiers ukuguqula i-HLB yazo (i-hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) okanye i-adsorb kumasuntswana odongwe olumanzi, ukutshintsha ukumanzi.
·I-Anionic surfactants (esebenza njenge-oyile-in-water emulsifiers) kunye ne-oil-soluble nonionic surfactants, esebenzayo ekwaphuleni i-emulsions yamanzi kwi-oyile.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-17-2025