Ukuze ube yingcweti futhi uphathe kahle inqubo yokususa uwoyela, kubalulekile ukuqonda kahle isimiso sokubopha phakathi kwengubo kanye nesisekelo sensimbi. Leli phuzu livame ukunganakwa, ngaleyo ndlela kulethe ubunzima ekusebenzeni.
Izinto ezifanele zikhomba ukuthi ukubopha ngomshini okubangelwa ukugoba okuncane kwengubo kanye nobuso be-substrate kunamandla kuphela uma kukhona ukubopha kwamandla aphakathi kwama-molecule kanye naphakathi kwe-metallic phakathi kwengubo kanye ne-substrate yensimbi. Amandla aphakathi kwama-molecule kanye naphakathi kwe-metallic angabonakala kuphela ngaphakathi kwebanga elincane kakhulu.
Uma ibanga phakathi kwama-molecule lidlula ama-5μm, amandla aphakathi kwama-molecule awasasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ifilimu encane kawoyela kanye nefilimu ye-oxide ebusweni be-substrate nakho kungaphazamisa amandla okubopha aphakathi kwama-molecule noma ensimbi.
Ukuze kufezwe lokhu kuhlanganiswa okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, kuyadingeka ukususa amabala kawoyela, ukugqwala kanye nesilinganiso se-oxide emikhiqizweni ngokuphelele. Ukuthi “kuphelele” esibhekisela kukho akusho ukuthi indawo iyadingeka ukuba ihlanzeke ngokuphelele ngemva kokwelashwa ngaphambi kokufakwa kweplati, kodwa kusho ukuthi inendawo efanelekile. Indawo ebizwa ngokuthi indawo efanelekile empeleni isho ukuthi amafilimu ayingozi ekufakweni kweplati kumele asuswe ngemva kokwelashwa ngaphambi kokufakwa kweplati bese kushintshwa amafilimu afanele ukwamukela ukufakwa kweplati.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokufakwa kwensimbi, ubuso bensimbi buyadingeka ukuthi bube yisicaba ngokuphelele. Ngemva kokwelashwa ngomshini njengokugaya, ukupholisha, ukuguqa, ukuqhumisa isihlabathi, njll., imihuzuko esobala, ama-burrs kanye nezinye iziphambeko ebusweni ziyasuswa, ukuze ubuso be-substrate buhlangabezane nezidingo zokulinganisa i-substrate kanye nokuqeda izingxenye ezifakwe insimbi ngaphambi kokususwa kwamafutha nokususwa kokugqwala.
Leli phuzu kumele licace. Kuphela uma leli phuzu selicacile lapho singakhetha khona ngokufanele nangokufanele ukugeleza kwenqubo yokwelapha ngaphambi kokufaka iplati kanye nefomula phakathi kwamafomula afanayo okwelashwa ngaphambi kokufaka iplati.
Indlela yokusebenzisa inqubo yokususa amafutha ekukhiqizeni?
Ukususwa kwamafutha nge-alkaline kuvame ukwamukelwa. Ukwakheka kwesisombululo sokususa amafutha kanye nezimo zenqubo kukhethwa ngokuya ngesimo sebala lamafutha kanye nohlobo lwezinto zensimbi.
Uma kukhona inani elikhulu lamafutha anamathele ebusweni, okungukuthi, ungqimba lwamafutha lujiyile kakhulu, lunomuzwa wokunamathela futhi lunamathela, alukwazi ukususwa kalula kuphela ngokususa amafutha nge-alkaline. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuqala njengokuhlanza nge-solvent ukuze ususe amafutha ngaphambi kokwelashwa, bese wenza i-alkaline degreasing. Isixazululo se-alkaline degreasing sinamandla kakhulu e-alkaline, futhi sizobangela ukugqwala okusobala lapho sisabela kwezinye izinsimbi.
Ngakho-ke, lapho kususwa amafutha ezingxenyeni ezifakwe njenge-aluminium ne-zinc, kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphansi kanye neziphansi kwe-alkali ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokuvamile kuyamukeleka ukuphatha izingxenye zensimbi nge-alkalinity ephezulu, kodwa lapho kwelashwa izingxenye zensimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous, i-pH yesisombululo sokususa amafutha kufanele ilungiswe ibe yibanga elifanele. Isibonelo, i-aluminium, i-zinc kanye nama-alloy azo kufanele abe ne-pH elawulwa ngaphansi kuka-11, futhi isikhathi sokususa amafutha emikhiqizo enjalo akufanele sidlule imizuzu emi-3.
Ngokombono wezindleko, abanye basekela ukususwa kwamafutha ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi, kodwa ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa kuphikisana nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle. Uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme, kulapho isivinini sokuphendula ngokomzimba namakhemikhali sishesha khona phakathi kwamafutha anamathela ebusweni kanye ne-ejenti yokuhlanza, futhi kulula ukususwa kwamafutha.
Umkhuba ufakazele ukuthi i-viscosity yamabala kawoyela iyancipha njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ngakho-ke ukususa amafutha kulula ukukwenza, kodwa izinga lokushisa eliphansi alinawo lo mphumela. Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa ukusebenzisa ama-emulsifiers nama-surfactants. Ngokuphathelene nokuthi ukususa amafutha okushisa okuphezulu kuhle yini nokuthi yiliphi izinga lokushisa elifanele ukulilawula, ulwazi lombhali luwukuthi ama-70-80°C angcono. Lokhu kungasiza futhi ekuqedeni ukucindezeleka okusele kwensimbi eyisisekelo okubangelwa ukwenziwa kwemishini, okuzuzisa kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukunamathela kwengubo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwama-nickel anezingqimba eziningi.
Izingxenye zensimbi ezijwayelekile zingasebenzisa ukususwa kwamafutha okuhlangene, njengokususwa kwamafutha kokuqala kwe-cathodic imizuzu emi-3-5, bese kuba ukususwa kwamafutha okunobuthi imizuzu eyi-1-2, noma ukususwa kwamafutha kokuqala kwe-anodic imizuzu emi-3-5, bese kuba ukususwa kwamafutha okunobuthi imizuzu eyi-1-2. Lokhu kungafezwa ngezinqubo ezimbili zokususa amafutha noma ukusebenzisa ugesi ngedivayisi yokushintsha.
Ngensimbi enamandla amakhulu, insimbi yasentwasahlobo kanye nezingxenye ezincane, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka kwe-hydrogen, kwenziwa kuphela ukususwa kwamafutha okunobuthi imizuzu eminingana. Kodwa-ke, izingxenye zensimbi ezingezona i-ferrous njengethusi kanye ne-copper alloys azikwazi ukusebenzisa ukususwa kwamafutha okunobuthi, futhi kuvunyelwe kuphela ukususwa kwamafutha okunobuthi imizuzu eyi-1-2.
Ngokuphathelene nokulungiswa nokugcinwa kwesisombululo sokususa amafutha, ukulungiswa kwezixazululo zokususa amafutha ngamakhemikhali kanye nezixazululo zokususa amafutha nge-electrolytic kulula kakhulu. Okokuqala, sebenzisa u-2/3 womthamo wamanzi ethangini ukuncibilikisa ezinye izinto ngaphandle kwama-surfactants, bese uvuselela ngasikhathi sinye (ukuvimbela umuthi ukuthi ungaqhekeki). Njengoba lezi zinto zokwelapha zikhipha ukushisa lapho zincibilika, asikho isidingo sokuzifudumeza. Ama-surfactants kufanele ancibilikiswe ngokwehlukana ngamanzi ashisayo ngaphambi kokuwafaka. Uma engenakuncibilika ngesikhathi esisodwa, uketshezi olucacile olungaphezulu lungathululwa bese kufakwa amanzi ukuze ancibilikiswe. Engeza kumthamo ochaziwe bese uvuselela kahle ngaphambi kokusebenzisa.
Kufanele kunakwe ukuphathwa koketshezi lokususa uwoyela:
① Hlola futhi ugcwalise izinto njalo. Ama-surfactant kufanele agcwaliswe ngo-1/3 kuya ku-1/2 wenani lokuqala masonto onke noma njalo ngeviki ezimbili ngokwenani lokukhiqiza.
② Amapuleti ensimbi asetshenziswayo akufanele abe nokungcola okweqile kwensimbi esindayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthi kungangeniswa embozweni. Ubuningi bamanje kufanele bugcinwe ku-5-10 A/dm², futhi ukukhethwa kwawo kufanele kuqinisekise ukuvela okwanele kwamabhamuza. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukususwa kwamaconsi kawoyela ebusweni be-electrode kodwa futhi kuyashukumisa isixazululo. Lapho ibala likawoyela elingaphezulu lihlala linjalo, lapho ubuningi bamanje bukhulu, isivinini sokususa amafutha sishesha.
③ Amabala kawoyela antantayo ethangini kufanele asuswe ngesikhathi esifanele.
④ Hlanza njalo udaka nokungcola ethangini, bese ushintsha isixazululo sethangi ngokushesha.
⑤ Zama ukusebenzisa ama-surfactant ane-foam ephansi ku-electrolyte; ngaphandle kwalokho, ukufakwa kwawo ethangini le-electroplating kuzothinta ikhwalithi.
Ungayilawula kanjani inqubo yokuqopha i-asidi (ukuqopha)?
Njengenqubo yokususa amafutha, ukuqopha i-asidi (ukuqopha) kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwelashweni kokuqopha ngaphambi kokufakwa. Lezi zinqubo ezimbili zisetshenziswa kanyekanye ekukhiqizweni kokuqopha ngaphambi kokufakwa, futhi inhloso yazo eyinhloko ukususa izikali zokugqwala kanye ne-oxide ezingxenyeni zokuqopha zensimbi.
Ngokuvamile, inqubo esetshenziswa ukususa inani elikhulu lama-oxide ibizwa ngokuthi i-strong etching, kanti inqubo esetshenziswa ukususa amafilimu e-oxide amancane angabonakali kahle emehlweni ibizwa ngokuthi i-weak etching, engahlukaniswa kabanzi ngokuthi i-chemical etching kanye ne-electrochemical etching. I-Weak etching isetshenziswa njengenqubo yokugcina yokwelapha ngemva kokuqothuka okunamandla, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi ungene enkambisweni ye-electroplating. Kuyinqubo yokusebenzisa ubuso bensimbi futhi kulula ukuyinaka ekukhiqizeni, okungenye yezizathu zokuqhekeka kwe-electroplating.
Uma isixazululo sokusika esibuthakathaka singenye yezingxenye zesisombululo esilandelayo sokusika, noma uma ukufakwa kwaso kungeke kuthinte isixazululo sokusika, kungcono ukufaka ngqo izingxenye zokusika ezisebenzayo ethangini lokusika ngaphandle kokuhlanza.
Isibonelo, ngesisombululo sokusebenza se-dilute acid esisetshenziswa ngaphambi kokufakwa kwe-nickel, ukuqinisekisa inqubekela phambili ebushelelezi yenqubo yokusika, ukususwa kwamafutha kumele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokusika; ngaphandle kwalokho, i-acid ne-metal oxides ngeke zikwazi ukuxhumana kahle, futhi ukusabela kokuqhekeka kwamakhemikhali kuzoba nzima ukuqhubeka.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze ukwazi kahle ukuqopha i-asidi, kubalulekile futhi ukucacisa lezi zimiso eziyisisekelo ngokwemfundiso.
Ngokuvamile, ukususa isikali se-oxide ezingxenyeni zensimbi nezensimbi, i-sulfuric acid kanye ne-hydrochloric acid kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqopheni i-acid. Le ndlela ilula, kodwa ekukhiqizeni kwangempela, kunzima ukufeza injongo elindelekile uma kunganakwa.
Izindlela zokukhetha izimo zenqubo yokuqopha i-sulfuric acid zivame ukusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho ukuze kutholakale ngokubonakala kwento yokusebenza ngemva kokuqopha, okuyinto, empeleni, engenakulawulwa ngobuningi. Umkhuba ukhombisile ukuthi umphumela wokuqopha i-sulfuric acid ekususeni izikali ze-oxide ku-40°C mkhulu kakhulu kuno-20°C, kodwa lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kakhulu, umphumela wokuqopha awukhuphuki ngokulinganayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ku-sulfuric acid enezinga eliphansi kune-20%, njengoba izinga likhuphuka, isivinini sokusika i-asidi siyashesha, kodwa lapho izinga lidlula i-20%, isivinini sokusika i-asidi siyancishiswa esikhundleni salokho. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sikholelwa ukuthi izimo zenqubo ezijwayelekile zokukalwa kwe-sulfuric acid engu-10%-20% kanye nokusika ngaphansi kwe-60°C zifaneleka kakhulu. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi maqondana nezinga lokuguga kwesisombululo se-sulfuric acid, ngokuvamile, lapho okuqukethwe kwensimbi kusisombululo sokusika kudlula i-80 g/L kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-ferrous sulfate kudlula i-2.5 g/L, isixazululo se-sulfuric acid asisakwazi ukusetshenziswa.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ikhambi kufanele lipholiswe ukuze licwebezele futhi lisuse i-ferrous sulfate eningi, bese kungezwa i-asidi entsha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zenqubo.
Izindlela zokukhetha izimo zenqubo yokuqopha i-asidi ye-hydrochloric acid: ukuhlushwa kufanele ngokuvamile kulawulwe ku-10%-20%, futhi inqubo kufanele yenziwe emazingeni okushisa egumbi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-sulfuric acid, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokuhlushwa kanye nokushisa, ijubane lokuqopha le-hydrochloric acid lishesha ngokuphindwe ka-1.5-2 kunele-sulfuric acid.
Ukuthi kufanele kusetshenziswe i-sulfuric acid noma i-hydrochloric acid ekuqopheni i-asidi kuncike esimweni esithile sokukhiqiza kwangempela. Isibonelo, ekuqopheni okunamandla kwezinsimbi zensimbi, i-sulfuric acid noma i-hydrochloric acid kuvame ukusetshenziswa, noma "i-acid exubile" yalezi ezimbili ngesilinganiso esithile.
Kodwa-ke, uhlobo lwe-asidi olusetshenziselwa ukuqopha okunamandla kwamakhemikhali luncike ekwakhiweni nasekwakhekeni kwama-oxide ebusweni bezingxenye zensimbi nezensimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa isivinini sokuqopha esisheshayo, izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi, kanye nokuguquguquka okuncane kakhulu kanye nokuqhekeka kwe-hydrogen kwemikhiqizo yensimbi ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, kumele kuqondwe ukuthi ukususwa kwezikali ze-oxide ku-hydrochloric acid kuncike kakhulu ekuqhekekeni kwamakhemikhali kwe-hydrochloric acid, futhi umphumela wokuqhekeka kwe-hydrogen ngomshini mncane kakhulu kunowe-sulfuric acid. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-asidi lapho kusetshenziswa i-hydrochloric acid kuphela kuphakeme kunalapho kusetshenziswa i-sulfuric acid kuphela.
Uma izikali zokugqwala kanye ne-oxide ebusweni bezingxenye zeplating ziqukethe inani elikhulu lama-iron oxides aphezulu, ukugqwala okuxubile kwe-acid kungasetshenziswa, okungeyona nje kuphela umphumela wokudabula kwe-hydrogen ezikalini ze-oxide kodwa futhi okusheshisa ukuqedwa kwamakhemikhali kwama-oxide. Kodwa-ke, uma ubuso bensimbi bunemikhiqizo yokugqwala ekhululekile (ikakhulukazi i-Fe₂O₃), i-hydrochloric acid yodwa ingasetshenziswa ukugqwala ngenxa yejubane layo lokugqwala okusheshayo, ukuqedwa okuncane kwe-substrate, kanye nokuqhekeka okuncane kwe-hydrogen.
Kodwa uma ubuso bensimbi bunesilinganiso se-oxide esiminyene, ukusebenzisa i-hydrochloric acid kukodwa kudla okuningi, kunezindleko eziphakeme, futhi kunomphumela omubi wokuxebuka esikalini se-oxide kune-sulfuric acid, ngakho-ke i-sulfuric acid ingcono.
Ukuchoma nge-electrolytic (i-electrolytic acid, ukuchoma nge-electrochemical), kungaba yi-cathodic electrolysis, i-anodic electrolysis, noma i-PR electrolysis (i-periodic reversal electrolysis, eshintsha njalo izigxobo ezinhle nezimbi ze-workpiece), kungenziwa ngesisombululo se-5%-20% se-sulfuric acid.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokusika kwamakhemikhali, ukusika nge-electrolytic kungasusa ngokushesha izikali ze-oxide eziboshwe ngokuqinile, kubangele ukugqwala okuncane ensimbini eyisisekelo, kulula ukuyisebenzisa nokuyiphatha, futhi kufanelekile emigqeni ye-electroplating ezenzakalelayo. I-PR electrolysis isetshenziswa kabanzi eJapane ukususa izikali ze-oxide ensimbini engagqwali.
EShayina, abaningi basebenzisa i-cathodic kanye ne-anodic electrolytic pickling kuhlanganiswe ne-electrolytic degreasing ukuze kulungiswe ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokufakwa kwe-plating. I-anodic electrolytic acid yezinsimbi zensimbi ifanelekela ukucubungula izingxenye zensimbi ezinenani elikhulu lama-oxide scales kanye nokugqwala, futhi ingenziwa kakhulu emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni. Ukwandisa izinga lokushisa kungandisa ijubane lokugqwala i-acid, kodwa hhayi kakhulu njengokugqwala i-chemical acid. Ukwandisa ubuningi bamanje kungasheshisa ijubane lokugqwala i-acid, kodwa uma liphezulu kakhulu, insimbi eyisisekelo izosuswa.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuncibilika kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-electrochemical kwensimbi eyisisekelo kuyanyamalala, kusale kuphela umphumela wokuqhekeka kwe-oxygen ezikalini ze-oxide. Ngakho-ke, ijubane lokuqhekeza liyanda kancane, okumele liqondiswe kahle. Ngokuvamile, ukuminyana kwamanje okungu-5-10 A/dm² kufanelekile. Ngokuqhekeza i-anodic acid, i-o-xylene thiourea noma i-sulfonated woodworking glue ingasetshenziswa njengezithibi, ngesilinganiso esingu-3-5 g/L; nge-cathodic electrolytic acid yezinsimbi zensimbi, isixazululo se-sulfuric acid singasetshenziswa, noma i-acid exubile engaba ngu-5% sulfuric acid kanye ne-5% hydrochloric acid, kanye nenani elifanele le-sodium chloride. Ngenxa yokuthi ayikho inqubo ecacile yokuqhekeka kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-electrochemical ye-substrate yensimbi (insimbi), ukwengeza ama-compounds aqukethe i-Cl⁻ kungasiza ukukhulula izikali ze-oxide ebusweni bezingxenye futhi kusheshise ijubane lokuqhekeza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-formaldehyde noma i-urotropine ingasetshenziswa njengezithibi.
Ngamafuphi, i-sulfuric acid isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqopheni insimbi, ithusi, kanye nethusi nge-asidi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, i-sulfuric acid, kanye ne-chromic acid kanye nama-dichromates, isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokususa ama-oxide kanye ne-smut ku-aluminium.
Isetshenziswa kanye ne-hydrofluoric acid noma i-nitric acid noma kokubili ukususa izikali ze-oxide ensimbi engagqwali. Inzuzo ye-hydrochloric acid ukuthi ingakhipha izinsimbi eziningi ngempumelelo ekushiseni kwegumbi; enye yezinkinga zayo ukuthi kufanele kunakwe ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa komhwamuko we-HCl kanye ne-acid inkungu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitric acid kanye ne-phosphoric acid nazo zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwe-pre-plating ngesandla. I-nitric acid iyisici esibalulekile sama-etching agents amaningi akhanyayo. Ixutshwa ne-hydrofluoric acid ukuze kususwe izikali ze-oxide treatment heat treatment ku-aluminium, insimbi engagqwali, ama-alloy asekelwe ku-nickel kanye ne-iron, i-titanium, i-zirconium, kanye namanye ama-alloy asekelwe ku-cobalt.
I-phosphorus acid isetshenziselwa ukususa ukugqwala kwezingxenye zensimbi kanye nasezixazululweni ezikhethekile zethangi zensimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium, ithusi, kanye nethusi. I-phosphoric acid-nitric acid-acetic acid mixed acid isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwangaphambili kwe-anodizing ekhanyayo yezingxenye ze-aluminium. I-fluoroboric acid ibonakalisiwe iyisisombululo esisebenza kahle kakhulu se-pickling se-alloys esekelwe ku-lead noma izingxenye zethusi noma zethusi nge-tin solder.
Kubikwe ukuthi ukususwa kwezikali ze-oxide zensimbi nama-oxide kudla u-5% wokukhiqizwa kwe-sulfuric acid emhlabeni, u-25% we-hydrochloric acid, iningi le-hydrofluoric acid, kanye nenani elikhulu le-nitric acid kanye ne-phosphoric acid.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda kahle ukusetshenziswa kwala ma-asidi ekuqotheni i-asidi kusobala ukuthi kuyinkinga ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokufaka i-plating. Kodwa-ke, akunzima ukuwasebenzisa, kodwa akulula ukuwasebenzisa kahle, ukuwagcina, nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-29-2026