Te horoi ahumahiI roto i te tikanga pono, he maha noa ngā tekau tau te roa o tōna hītori, heoi, kua puta mai ngā painga nui ohaoha me te pāpori ki te hanga ahumahi. Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau horoi, kua whakamahia te horoi ahumahi i roto i te nuinga o ngā rāngai ahumahi, tae atu ki te tā me te tae kakahu, te matū hinu, te mīhini, te keri me te whakarewa, te maimoatanga mata, te miihini matū, ngā taputapu me ngā mita, ngā hikohiko, ngā haurua-ira, ngā karaka me ngā whakapaipai, te koiora, me ngā tirohanga. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te kaha nui o te mākete me te tere whanaketanga pakari o te horoi ahumahi.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakarōpūtia ngā kaihoroi ahumahi ki te horoi matū, te horoi ā-tinana me te horoi moroiti i runga i ō rātou mātāpono mahi. E whakamanamana ana te horoi matū ki te hītori whanaketanga roa rawa atu, te whānuitanga o ngā tono me te momo hua tino kanorau. I taua wā, ka wehea ngā kaihoroi matū ki ngā wāhanga e toru e ai ki te nui o te wai: ngā kaihoroi whakarewa waro, ngā kaihoroi wai-pūtake me ngā kaihoroi wai-haurua.
E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i te hanganga o te tauira, te mahi horoi me ngā ia whanaketanga ā-muri o ēnei momo matū horoi e toru.
1. Ngā Kaiwhakaora Whakarewa Waro
Ko ngā kaihoroi whakarewa waro e pā ana ki ngā whakarewa waro kāore he wai i roto i ā rātou hanganga. Ko te nuinga o ēnei e whakamahi ana i ngā warowaihā (ngā alkane, ngā warowaihā kakara), ngā warowaihā whai kōro, ngā warowaihā whai fluorinated, ngā waipiro, ngā etera waipiro me ētahi atu matū hei rauemi mata matua. Ko te tikanga mahi o te horoi whakarewa waro ko te whakarewa tika i ngā matū kāore e rewa i te wai engari ka rewa i roto i ngā whakarewa waro, pērā i te hinu, te ware pi, te kapia, te rapa, ngā tae, ētahi piripiri me ētahi atu poke waro.
He āhua wai ngā kaihoroi whakarewa rauropi i te pāmahana me te pēhanga hau noa, he pai te rere me te iti o te matotoru. He tino pūngāwerewere, he iti noa iho, kāore rānei he toenga e toe ana i runga i te mata o ngā mea i muri i te horoinga, ā, e kore e waikura, e kino rānei ngā rauemi turanga i te wā o te horoinga.
Ahakoa rā, nā te nui o te pōturitanga o ngā whakarewa waro, me te iti o ngā ira kohua, ka ngāwari ai te mawhiti ki te taiao. I roto i ēnei matū, he paitini ki te tinana tangata ngā hauwaiwaro kua whakakōkōhia ki te hauota, ngā hauwaiwaro kua whakakōkōhia ki te fluorine me ētahi atu hauwaiwaro kua whakakōkōhia. He lipophilic ngā waipiro me ngā ether waipiro, ka taea te whakararu nui i te tangata, i ngā kararehe me te taiao taiao.
Hei tauira, ko ētahi o ngā kaihoroi whakarewa waro kua aukatia, pērā i te trichlorotrifluoroethane, te carbon tetrachloride, te trichloroethane me ngā perbromoalkanes, he tino pai te mahi horoi, ā, he hua ōhanga hoki. Heoi, ka whakaitihia e ēnei matū te paparanga ozone, ā, ka tū hei mōrearea ki te Ao. Hei tāpiri, he tino uaua ki te hangarua me te kohikohi i ō rātou wāhanga toenga, nō reira kua aukatia mana te whakamahinga.
Ko ngā kaihoroi wai o mua i whakamahi i ngā kawakore kore-waro tino kawakore, ngā tote kore-waro rānei. Nā ō rātou tikanga māmā me te kaha o te kawakore i puta ai he maha ngā ngoikoretanga i te wā horoi, ā, i tino whakararu i te mahi horoi. Kua wikitoria ngā kaihoroi wai o ēnei rā i ēnei ngoikoretanga. Kei roto i ēnei kai ngā matū horoi, ngā kaitāpiri, ngā aukati waikura, ngā kaiwhakaū, ngā kaiwhakarewa me ētahi atu kai mahi, me ngā tikanga kua whakaritea kia rite ki ngā kaupapa horoi me ngā rauemi turanga rerekē.
Hei tauira, ko te tango hinu i mua i te whakakikoruatanga hiko ka whakamahia ngā kai whakaranu pērā i te polyether, te triethanolamine oleate me te sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate. Ko tēnei tauira whakaranu he mea kore e waikura ki ngā rauemi turanga. Kāore e hiahiatia he whakamahana i te wā e whakamahia ana, he iti te pahuka e puta ana, he pai ngā hua horoi, he iti te horopeta me te utu, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere. He kore paitini, he hoa hoki ki te taiao, he pai mō te horoi ā-ringa me te horoi miihini me te maimoatanga ngāwari i muri i te horoinga.
Mā te arotautanga o ngā kai horoi wai-wai ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā mahi maha i te wā kotahi. I te wā e horoi ana i ngā wāhanga parahi, ka taea te tāpiri i ngā kai whakakanapa ki te tauira horoi hei whakaoti i te horoinga me te whakakanapa i roto i te tukanga kotahi. Ko te tauira noa he hinu kokonati, he waikawa ngako diethanolamide, he glycerin me te waikawa dodecylbenzenesulfonic, me ngā aukati waikura me ngā mea whakakanapa. Ka mau tonu te kaha tango hinu, ā, ka whakahaere tika i te uara pH hei ārai i ngā wāhanga parahi mai i te waikura i puta mai i te pH tino iti. Ko ngā aukati waikura me ngā mea whakakanapa i tāpirihia ka hoatu he kanapa pai ki ngā wāhanga parahi kua horoia. Mena ka whakakotahihia ngā mea tiaki hanga-kiriata ki roto i te tauira, ka puta he kiri tiaki ki runga i te mata o ngā wāhanga parahi, ka pupuri i a rātou kia kanapa mō te wā roa i muri i te horoinga.
Hei whakatutuki i te horoinga e pai ana ki te taiao, kua whakawhanakehia anōtia ngā kaihoroi wai-pūtake me ngā wāhanga horoi koiora pirau-koiora, kore-paitini pērā i ngā alkyl glycosides me ngā sophorolipids. Ko te tikanga, ko ngā alkyl glycosides me ngā sophorolipids hei surfactants, ko te waikawa nitrilotriacetic hei matū whakakoi, ko te konutai alginate hei whakamātotoru, me te konutai gluconate hei wāhanga āwhina. He pai te hototahitanga o ēnei wāhanga katoa, he tere teitei te pirau o ngā moroiti, ā, he iti noa te riri o te kiri. Haunga tēnā, kāore he phosphorus i roto i ngā wāhanga āwhina, ā, he tino pai ki te taiao ngā hua. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ēnei kaihoroi hei kaihoroi matomato mō ngā kīhini, ngā kaukau me ētahi atu wāhi noho, he whānui hoki ngā tono.
Ko ngā horoi wai te mea e whakakapi ana i ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā horoi whakarewa waro. He iti te utu, he haumaru, he pai hoki mō te taiao, he ngāwari hoki te tiki me te whakahou i ngā rauemi. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā horoi wai te whakakapi pai mō ngā horoi whakarewa waro, me te whakatutuki i ngā hua horoi ōrite.
He rerekē ngā kaihoroi haurua-wai i ngā kaihoroi e hangai ana ki te whakarewa waro nā te mea ka tāpirihia te wai me ngā matū horoi ki ngā whakarewa waro. Nā konei, e kiia ana hoki rātou he kaihoroi emulsion, he kaihoroi microemulsion rānei i roto i ētahi tuhinga.
Ka whakakotahihia e tā rātou tikanga horoi ngā tikanga o ngā kaihoko horoi wai kei roto ngā matū horoi me ngā kaihoko horoi whakarewa. Kei te mau tonu ngā painga o ngā kaihoko horoi haurua-wai o ngā kaihoko horoi whakarewa tuku iho, arā, he kaha ki te horoi ki ngā paru hinu me te mahi makuku me te uru pai ki runga i ngā papa. I taua wā, ka tukuna e rātou he kaha ake ki te tango i ngā poke wai. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā kaihoko horoi whakarewa waro, he pai ake hoki te mahi horoi ki runga i ngā poke kore-waro. Mā te tāpiri wai ka piki ake te pūmahana mura me te whakaiti i te tere o ngā kaihoko horoi, ka whakapai ake i te haumaru o ngā whakarewa taketake me te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o tā rātou whakamahinga.
I runga i te wairewatanga o ngā whakarewa waro i roto i te wai, ka whakarōpūtia ngā kaihoroi haurua-wai ki te momo whakarewa wairewa-wai me te momo whakarewa kore-wairewa. Ko ngā whakarewa wairewa-wai ko ngā waipiro, ngā etera me ngā ketone te nuinga. Ka whai hua tā rātou mahi ki ngā poke hinu me ngā poke wai, engari he mura tonu. Mā te hanga i ēnei hei kaihoroi haurua-wai me te iti o te wai ka taea te whakaiti i te mura kia haumaru ake ai te whakamahinga. Ko ngā whakarewa kore-wairewa ko ngā whakarewa warowaihā hinu-hinu, ngā whakarewa warowaihā terpene me ngā warowaihā halogenated te nuinga. He iti hoki ō rātou ira mura, ā, he tino mura, he pahū hoki. Ina hangaia aua whakarewa warowaihā hei kaihoroi haurua-wai, ko te rerekētanga nui o te taumahatanga mata i waenga i ngā whakarewa warowaihā kore-wai me te wai ka arahi ki te kore hototahi me te wehewehe mena ka tāpirihia he wai anake. Nō reira, me whakauru ngā matū horoi hei whakaiti i te taumahatanga ā-kanohi i waenga i ngā wāhanga e rua, hei whakapai ake i te hototahitanga me te whakatutuki i te ranunga ōrite.
Wā tuku: Mei-28-2026