Kuchenesa maindasitiriMuchokwadi, nhoroondo yacho yemakumi emakore chete, asi kubuda kwayo kwakaunza mabhenefiti makuru ehupfumi nemagariro evanhu mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. Nekufambira mberi nekukurumidza kwetekinoroji yekuchenesa, kuchenesa kwemaindasitiri kwave kuchishandiswa muzvikamu zvese zvemaindasitiri, kusanganisira kudhinda nekudhaya machira, petrochemicals, michina, migodhi nekunyungudutsa, kugadziriswa kwepamusoro, makemikari, zvishandiso nemamita, zvemagetsi, semiconductors, wachi nezvishongo, biology, uye optics. Izvi zvinoratidza zvizere mukana mukuru wemusika uye simba guru rekuvandudza kuchenesa kwemaindasitiri.
Kazhinji, mishonga yekuchenesa yemumaindasitiri inopatsanurwa muzvikamu zviviri: kuchenesa kwemakemikari, kuchenesa kwemuviri uye kuchenesa tupukanana zvichienderana nemisimboti yekushanda kwayo. Kuchenesa kwemakemikari kune nhoroondo yakareba yekugadzirwa, kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana uye mhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, mishonga yekuchenesa yemakemikari yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemvura: mishonga yekuchenesa inonyungudutsa, mishonga yekuchenesa inobva mumvura uye mishonga yekuchenesa inobva mumvura.
Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvakawanda nezvemusanganiswa wefomula, mashandiro ekuchenesa uye mafambiro ekuvandudza mune ramangwana emhando nhatu idzi dzemishonga yekuchenesa makemikari zvichiteerana.
1. Michina yekuchenesa zvinhu zvakasikwa
Mishonga yekuchenesa makemikari inosanganisa mishonga yemakemikari isina mvura. Mizhinji yacho inotora mahydrocarbon (alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons), chlorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols, alcohol ethers nezvimwe zvinhu sezvinhu zvikuru. Nzira inoshanda yekuchenesa makemikari ndeyekunyungudutsa zvakananga zvinhu zvisinganyunguduke mumvura asi zvichinyunguduka mumakemikari, zvakaita semafuta, wax, resin, rabha, dhayi, mamwe manamatiro nezvimwe zvinhu zvinosvibisa makemikari.
Michina yekuchenesa zvinhu zve organic ine mamiriro emvura patembiricha yakajairika uye kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, kuyerera kwakanaka uye kusimba kwakaderera. Inoshanduka-shanduka zvakanyanya, ichisiya zvinhu zvishoma kana kuti isina zvasara pamusoro pechinhu mushure mekuchenesa, uye haizokanganisi kana kukuvadza zvinhu zvepasi panguva yekuchenesa.
Kunyange zvakadaro, kusagadzikana kwakanyanya kwezvinonyungudutsa zve organic, pamwe chete nekudzikira kwekufashaira, zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kubuda munzvimbo dzakatikomberedza. Pakati pezvinhu izvi, mahydrocarbon ane chlorine, mahydrocarbon ane fluorinated uye mamwe mahydrocarbon ane halogenated ane chepfu kumuviri wemunhu. Maalcohols nealcohol ethers ane lipophilic, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kukuru kuvanhu, mhuka uye nharaunda.
Semuenzaniso, mimwe michina yekuchenesa makemikari yakarambidzwa, yakaita se trichlorotrifluoroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane uye perbromoalkanes, inoita basa rakanaka rekuchenesa uye inounza mabhenefiti ehupfumi. Zvisinei, zvinhu izvi zvinoderedza ozone layer uye zvinoisa njodzi kuPasi. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakaoma zvikuru kudzokorodza nekuunganidza zvasara zvezvikamu zvavo, saka kushandiswa kwazvo kwakarambidzwa zviri pamutemo.
2.Mushonga Wekuchenesa Unobva Mumvura
Mishonga yekuchenesa yakashandiswa mumvura yekare yainyanya kushandisa alkalis kana munyu usingasanganisike. Maitiro avo akareruka uye alkalinity yakasimba zvakaunza matambudziko akawanda panguva yekuchenesa uye zvakakanganisa zvakanyanya mashandiro ekuchenesa. Mishonga yekuchenesa inoshandiswa mumvura yemazuva ano yakakunda zvikanganiso izvi. Inosanganisira ma surfactants, complexing agents, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, solubilizers nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa, uye mafomula akagadzirwa nenzira yakarongeka zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvakasiyana zvekuchenesa uye zvinhu zvekutanga.
Semuenzaniso, kubvisa mafuta usati waisa mafuta mu electroplating kunoshandisa zvinhu zvakasanganiswa zvakaita se polyether, triethanolamine oleate uye sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate. Iyi fomura yakasanganiswa haikanganisi zvinhu zvepakutanga. Haidi kupisa panguva yekushandiswa, inogadzira furo shoma, inopa mhedzisiro yakanaka yekuchenesa, ine dose shoma uye mutengo wakaderera, uye iri nyore kushandisa. Haina chepfu uye haikuvadzi nharaunda, yakakodzera kuchenesa nemaoko uye nekushandisa michina nekurapa kuri nyore mushure mekuchenesa.
Kugadziriswa kwefomula yekuchenesa zvinhu zvinobva mumvura kunoitawo kuti mabasa akawanda aitwe panguva imwe chete. Pakuchenesa zvikamu zvemhangura, zvinhu zvekupukuta zvinogona kuwedzerwa kufomula yekuchenesa kuti kucheneswa nekupukutwa kupedzwe mukuita kumwe chete. Fomula yakajairika inosanganisira mafuta ekokonati mafuta efatty acid diethanolamide, glycerin uye dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, pamwe chete nezvinodzivirira ngura uye zvinovheneka. Inochengetedza simba rakasimba rekubvisa mafuta uye inogadzirisa pH zvakanaka kudzivirira zvikamu zvemhangura kubva mukuora kunokonzerwa nepH yakaderera zvakanyanya. Zvinodzivirira ngura uye zvinovheneka zvinowedzera zvinopa zvikamu zvemhangura zvakacheneswa kupenya kwakanaka. Kana zvinodzivirira firimu zvikabatanidzwa mufomula, firimu rekudzivirira rinoumbwa pamusoro pezvikamu zvemhangura, zvichiramba zvakapenya kwenguva yakareba mushure mekuchenesa.
Kuti varambe vachichenesa zvine hushamwari nezvakatipoteredza, mishonga yekuchenesa inobva mumvura yakagadziridzwa zvakare nemidziyo yekuchenesa inoora uye isina chepfu yakaita sealkyl glycosides nesophorolipids. Fomura yakajairika inotora alkyl glycosides nesophorolipids sema surfactants, nitrilotriacetic acid sechinhu chinosanganisa, sodium alginate sechinosimbisa, uye sodium gluconate sechimwe chinhu chinobatsira. Zvese izvi zvinhu zvine hushamwari hwakanaka, huwandu hwakawanda hwehutachiona hunoora uye ganda harina kushatirwa zvakanyanya. Kunze kwezvo, mishonga yekuchenesa haina phosphorus, zvichiita kuti zvigadzirwa zvive zvine hushamwari nezvakatipoteredza. Mishonga yekuchenesa yakadaro inoshandiswa zvakanyanya semidziyo yekuchenesa yegirini yekicheni, dzimba dzekugezera nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekugara, ichipa mikana yakawanda yekushandisa.
Mishonga yekuchenesa inobva mumvura inotsiva kushomeka kwemishonga yekuchenesa inobva mumvura. Yakachipa, yakachengeteka uye inochengetedza nharaunda, ine zvinhu zviri nyore kuwana uye zvinogona kushandiswazve. Nokudaro, mishonga yekuchenesa inobva mumvura inogona kushanda senzira yakanaka yekutsiva mishonga yekuchenesa inobva mumvura uku ichiwana mhedzisiro yakafanana yekuchenesa.
3.Mushonga wekuchenesa unobva mumvura zvishoma
Mishonga yekuchenesa ine semi-aqueous yakasiyana nemishonga yekuchenesa ine organic solvent nekuti mvura nemasurfactants zvinowedzerwa mu organic solvents. Nekuda kweizvi, zvinonziwo emulsion cleansing agents kana microemulsion cleansing agents mune mamwe mabhuku.
Nzira yavo yekuchenesa inosanganisa nzira dzekuchenesa dzinobva mumvura dzine ma surfactants uye solvent-based cleansing agents. Semi-aqueous cleansing agents dzinochengetedza zvakanakira zve solvent-based cleansing agents, zvakaita se detergent yakasimba yekudzivirira mavara emafuta uye wetting yakanaka uye inopinda zvakanaka pa substrates. Panguva iyi, dzinopa simba rakawedzerwa rekubvisa tsvina inobva mumvura. Kana dzichienzaniswa ne organic solvent-based cleansing agents, dzinewo cleansing performance iri nani pane inorganic cleansing. Kuwedzera mvura kunowedzera flash point uye kunoderedza kusagadzikana kwe cleansing agents, izvo zvinovandudza kuchengetedzeka kwe solvents dzepakutanga uye zvinowedzera mukana wekushandisa.
Zvichienderana nekunyungudika kwezvinonyungudutsa mumvura, zvinochenesa zvine mvura shoma zvinowanzoiswa muzvikamu zviviri: zvinonyungudutsa mumvura zvinonyungudutsa mumvura uye zvinonyungudutsa mumvura zvisinganyungudike. Zvinonyungudutsa mumvura zvinonyanya kuve alcohols, ethers uye ketones. Zvinoshanda zvinobudirira pane zvinosvibisa zvine mafuta uye zvine mvura, asi zvinobvira. Kuzvigadzira kuita zvinonyungudutsa mumvura zvishoma kunogona kuderedza kupisa kuti zvishandiswe zvakachengeteka. Zvinonyungudutsa mumvura zvinonyanya kusanganisira zvinonyungudutsa zvehydrocarbon zvine petroleum, terpene hydrocarbon solvents uye halogenated hydrocarbons. Zvinewo ma flash points mashoma uye zvinobvira zvakanyanya uye zvinoputika. Kana zvinonyungudutsa zvakadaro zvikaitwa zvinonyungudutsa mumvura zvishoma, musiyano mukuru mukumanikidzwa kwenzvimbo pakati pezvinyungudutsa mumvura zvisina mvura nemvura unotungamira pakusawirirana uye kupatsanurwa kana mvura chete ikawedzerwa. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa mumvura zvinofanirwa kuiswa kuti kuderedze kumanikidzwa pakati pezvikamu zviviri, kunatsiridza kuwirirana uye kuwana kusanganiswa kwakafanana.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-28-2026