Ukuhlanza kwezimboningomqondo weqiniso inomlando wamashumi eminyaka ambalwa nje kuphela, kodwa ukuvela kwayo kulethe izinzuzo ezinkulu kwezomnotho nezenhlalo ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza, ukuhlanza kwezimboni kuye kwasetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izimboni, okuhlanganisa ukunyathelisa nokufaka udayi ezindwangu, amakhemikhali kaphethroli, imishini, ukumbiwa kwezimayini nokuncibilikisa, ukwelashwa kwendawo, ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali, izinsimbi namamitha, i-elekthronikhi, ama-semiconductor, amawashi nobucwebe, i-biology, kanye ne-optics. Lokhu kubonisa ngokugcwele amandla amakhulu emakethe kanye nomfutho wentuthuko eqinile yokuhlanza kwezimboni.
Ngokuvamile, izinto zokuhlanza zezimboni zihlukaniswa zibe ukuhlanza ngamakhemikhali, ukuhlanza ngokomzimba kanye nokuhlanza amagciwane ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zazo zokusebenza. Ukuhlanza ngamakhemikhali kuqhosha ngomlando wentuthuko omude kakhulu, ububanzi obukhulu bezicelo kanye nezinhlobo zemikhiqizo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Okwamanje, izinto zokuhlanza ngamakhemikhali zihlukaniswe cishe ngezigaba ezintathu ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwamanzi: izinto zokuhlanza ezinyibilikayo eziphilayo, izinto zokuhlanza ezisekelwe emanzini kanye nezinto zokuhlanza ezisekelwe emanzini aphansi.
Lesi sihloko sichaza kabanzi ngokwakheka kwefomula, ukusebenza kokuhlanza kanye nemikhuba yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yalezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-chemical agents okuhlanza ngokulandelana.
1. Izihlanzi Ze-Organic Solvent
Izihlanzi ze-organic solvent ikakhulukazi zibhekisela ezinyibilikisini ze-organic ezingenawo amanzi ekwakhiweni kwazo. Iningi lazo lithatha ama-hydrocarbon (ama-alkanes, ama-hydrocarbon anuka kamnandi), ama-hydrocarbon ane-chlorine, ama-hydrocarbon ane-fluorinated, ama-alcohol, ama-alcohol ethers nezinye izinto njengezinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa. Indlela yokusebenza yokuhlanza izinyibilikisi ze-organic ukuncibilikisa ngqo izinto ezingancibiliki emanzini kodwa ezincibilikayo ezinyibilikisini ze-organic, njenge-grease, wax, resin, rabha, udayi, ezinye izinamathiseli kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolile ze-organic.
Izihlanzi ze-organic solvent zinesimo soketshezi ekushiseni okuvamile kanye nengcindezi yomoya, ukugeleza okuhle kanye nokuthamba okuphansi. Ziyashintshashintsha kakhulu, zishiya insalela encane noma zingashiyi lutho ebusweni bezinto ngemva kokuhlanza, futhi ngeke zigqwale noma zilimaze izinto eziyisisekelo ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanza.
Noma kunjalo, ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo, okuhambisana namaphuzu aphansi okubila, kwenza kube lula ukuphuma ziye emvelweni. Phakathi kwalezi zinto, ama-hydrocarbon ane-chlorine, ama-hydrocarbon ane-fluorine kanye namanye ama-hydrocarbon ane-halogenated anobuthi emzimbeni womuntu. Ama-alcohols kanye nama-ether ane-alcohol aqukethe i-lipophilic, okungadala umonakalo omkhulu kubantu, ezilwaneni kanye nasemvelweni wemvelo.
Isibonelo, ezinye izihlanzi ze-organic solvent ezivinjelwe, njenge-trichlorotrifluoroethane, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-trichloroethane kanye ne-perbromoalkanes, ziletha ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuhlanza futhi ziletha izinzuzo zomnotho. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinto ziqeda ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi zibe usongo eMhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunzima kakhulu ukuphinda kusetshenziswe futhi kuqoqwe izingxenye zazo ezisele, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuye kwavinjelwa ngokusemthethweni.
2.I-ejenti Yokuhlanza Esekelwe Emanzini
Izinto zokuhlanza zakuqala ezisekelwe emanzini zazisebenzisa kakhulu ama-alkali anga-alkaline noma usawoti onga-organic. Izindlela zazo ezilula kanye ne-alkalinity enamandla kwaletha izinkinga eziningi ngesikhathi sokuhlanza futhi kwalimaza kakhulu ukusebenza kokuhlanza. Izinto zokuhlanza zanamuhla ezisekelwe emanzini ziye zanqoba lezi ziphutha. Zihlanganisa izinto ezibangela ukushaqeka, izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinto ezivimbela ukugqwala, izinto eziqinisayo, izinto ezincibilikisayo nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo, kanye namafomula enziwe ngokwezifiso athuthukiswe ngokwezinhloso ezahlukene zokuhlanza kanye nezinto eziyisisekelo.
Isibonelo, ukususa amafutha ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating kusebenzisa izithako ezihlanganisiwe njenge-polyether, i-triethanolamine oleate kanye ne-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate. Le fomula ehlanganisiwe ayiboli ezintweni eziyisisekelo. Ayidingi ukushisa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ikhiqiza igwebu eliphansi, iletha imiphumela emihle kakhulu yokuhlanza, inomthamo ophansi kanye nezindleko, futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Ayinabo ubuthi futhi inobungani nemvelo, ifanele kokubili ukuhlanza ngesandla kanye nokwemishini ngokwelashwa okulula ngemva kokuhlanza.
Ukwenziwa ngcono kwefomula yezinto zokuhlanza ezisekelwe emanzini nakho kwenza imisebenzi eminingi ikwazi ukwenziwa ngasikhathi sinye. Lapho uhlanza izingxenye zethusi, izithako zokupholisha zingafakwa kufomula yokuhlanza ukuze kuqedwe ukuhlanza nokupholisha ngenqubo eyodwa. Ifomula ejwayelekile iqukethe i-coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamide, i-glycerin kanye ne-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, kanye nezithibi zokugqwala kanye nezikhanyisi. Igcina amandla aqinile okususa amafutha futhi ilawula kahle inani le-pH ukuvimbela izingxenye zethusi ekugqwaleni okubangelwa yi-pH ephansi kakhulu. Izithibi zokugqwala ezengeziwe kanye nezikhanyisi zinika izingxenye zethusi ezihlanziwe ukukhanya okuhle. Uma izivikelo ezakha ifilimu zihlanganiswa kufomula, ifilimu evikelayo izokwakheka phezu kwezingxenye zethusi, izigcine zikhanya isikhathi eside ngemva kokuhlanza.
Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlanza okunobungani nemvelo, kuthuthukiswe izinto zokuhlanza ezisekelwe emanzini ngezingxenye zokuhlanza eziphilayo ezibolayo nezingenabo ubuthi njenge-alkyl glycosides kanye ne-sophorolipids. Ifomula evamile ithatha ama-alkyl glycosides kanye nama-sophorolipids njengezinto ezibangela ukubola, i-nitrilotriacetic acid njenge-complexing agent, i-sodium alginate njenge-thickener, kanye ne-sodium gluconate njengesithako esiwusizo. Zonke lezi zingxenye zibonisa ukuhambisana okuhle kwe-bio, izinga eliphezulu lokuwohloka kwamagciwane kanye nokucasuka okuncane kwesikhumba. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinto ezisizayo azinawo i-phosphorus, okwenza imikhiqizo ibe nobungani kakhulu nemvelo. Izinto zokuhlanza ezinjalo zisetshenziswa kabanzi njengezihlanzi eziluhlaza zasekhishini, ezindlini zangasese nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala, ziqhakambisa amathuba amaningi okusetshenziswa.
Izinto zokuhlanza ezisekelwe emanzini zivala ukushoda kwezihlanzi ze-organic solvent. Zishibhile, ziphephile futhi zinobungani nemvelo, zinezinto zokusetshenziswa ezitholakala kalula futhi ezivuselelekayo. Ngakho-ke, izinto zokuhlanza ezisekelwe emanzini zingasebenza njengendawo efanelekile yokususa izihlanzi ze-organic solvent ngenkathi zithola imiphumela efanayo yokuhlanza.
3.I-ejenti Yokuhlanza Esekelwe Emanzini Angaphelele
Izinto zokuhlanza ezimanzi kancane zihlukile ezintweni zokuhlanza ezisekelwe ku-organic solvent ngoba amanzi nama-surfactant anezelwa ezincibilikisini eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zibizwa nangokuthi izinto zokuhlanza ze-emulsion noma izinto zokuhlanza ze-microemulsion kwezinye izincwadi.
Indlela yabo yokuhlanza ihlanganisa izindlela zokuhlanza ezisekelwe emanzini eziqukethe ama-surfactant kanye nama-agent okuhlanza asekelwe ku-solvent. Ama-agent okuhlanza angenamanzi agcina izinzuzo zama-agent okuhlanza asekelwe ku-solvent avamile, okungukuthi ukuhlanza okunamandla ngokumelene namabala kawoyela kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokumanzisa nokungena ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Okwamanje, anikeza amandla okususa athuthukisiwe ezingcolisi ezisekelwe emanzini. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-agent okuhlanza asekelwe ku-solvent angokwemvelo, aphinde abonise ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokuhlanza ezingcolisini ezingaphili. Ukwengezwa kwamanzi kuphakamisa iphuzu lokukhanya futhi kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwama-agent okuhlanza, okuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwezingcolisi zokuqala futhi kwandise ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwazo.
Ngokusekelwe ekuncibilikeni kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo emanzini, izinto zokuhlanza ezimanzi kancane zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe uhlobo lwezinyibilikisi ezimanzi kancane kanye nohlobo lwezinyibilikisi ezingancibiliki emanzini. Izinto zokuhlanza ezimanzi kakhulu ziyi-alcohol, ethers kanye nama-ketone. Zisebenza kahle kokubili ezintweni ezingcolisayo ezinamafutha nezisekelwe emanzini, kodwa ziyavutha. Ukuzihlanganisa zibe izinto zokuhlanza ezimanzi kancane ngamanzi amancane kunganciphisa ukusha ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphephile. Izinto zokuhlanza ezingancibiliki emanzini ikakhulukazi zifaka phakathi izinyibilikisi ze-hydrocarbon ezisekelwe ku-petroleum, izinyibilikisi ze-terpene hydrocarbon kanye nama-hydrocarbon e-halogenated. Zinezindawo eziphansi zokukhanya futhi ziyavutha kakhulu futhi ziyaqhuma. Lapho izinto zokuhlanza ezinjalo eziphilayo zenziwa izinto zokuhlanza ezimanzi kancane, umehluko omkhulu ekucindezelekeni kobuso phakathi kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezingezona ezimanzi kanye namanzi uzoholela ekungalinganini nasekuhlukanisweni uma kungezwa amanzi kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ama-surfactant kudingeka afakwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukungezwani phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, kuthuthukiswe ukuhambisana futhi kufezwe ukuxubana okufanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-28-2026