Kuyeretsa mafakitaleM'lingaliro lenileni ili ndi mbiri ya zaka makumi angapo zokha, koma kutulukira kwake kwabweretsa phindu lalikulu pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu pakupanga mafakitale. Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo mwachangu kwa ukadaulo woyeretsa, kuyeretsa mafakitale kwagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi m'magawo onse amafakitale, kuphatikiza kusindikiza ndi kupaka utoto nsalu, petrochemicals, makina, migodi ndi kusungunula, kukonza pamwamba, uinjiniya wa mankhwala, zida ndi mita, zamagetsi, ma semiconductors, mawotchi ndi zodzikongoletsera, biology, ndi optics. Izi zikuwonetsa bwino kuthekera kwakukulu pamsika komanso kukula kwamphamvu kwa kuyeretsa mafakitale.
Kawirikawiri, mankhwala oyeretsera mafakitale amagawidwa m'magulu a kuyeretsa mankhwala, kuyeretsa thupi ndi kuyeretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kutengera mfundo zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Kuyeretsa mankhwala kumakhala ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri yopangidwa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu. Pakadali pano, mankhwala oyeretsera mankhwala amagawidwa m'magulu atatu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi: mankhwala oyeretsera osungunuka m'madzi, mankhwala oyeretsera opangidwa m'madzi ndi mankhwala oyeretsera opangidwa m'madzi ochepa.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kapangidwe ka fomula, momwe kuyeretsa kudzagwirira ntchito komanso momwe zinthu zidzayendere mtsogolo mwa mitundu itatu iyi ya mankhwala oyeretsera motsatana.
1. Zotsukira Zosungunulira Zachilengedwe
Otsukira zosungunulira zachilengedwe makamaka amatanthauza zosungunulira zachilengedwe zomwe zilibe madzi m'njira zawo. Ambiri mwa iwo amatenga ma hydrocarbon (alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons), chlorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols, alcohol ethers ndi zinthu zina ngati zinthu zazikulu zopangira. Njira yogwirira ntchito yotsukira zosungunulira zachilengedwe ndikusungunula mwachindunji zinthu zomwe sizisungunuka m'madzi koma zimasungunuka m'zosungunulira zachilengedwe, monga mafuta, sera, utomoni, rabala, utoto, zomatira zina ndi zinthu zina zodetsa zachilengedwe.
Zotsukira zosungunulira zachilengedwe zimakhala ndi madzi pa kutentha kwabwinobwino komanso mpweya wabwino, madzi ake ndi otsika. Zimasinthasintha kwambiri, sizimasiya zotsalira zambiri pamwamba pa zinthu zikatsukidwa, ndipo sizingawononge kapena kuwononga zinthu zoyambira panthawi yoyeretsa.
Komabe, kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe, limodzi ndi kutentha kochepa, kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kutuluka m'chilengedwe. Pakati pa zinthuzi, ma hydrocarbons a chlorine, ma hydrocarbons a fluorinated ndi ma hydrocarbons ena a halogenated ndi oopsa kwa thupi la munthu. Ma alcohols ndi ma ethers a mowa ndi lipophilic, zomwe zingawononge kwambiri anthu, nyama ndi chilengedwe.
Mwachitsanzo, zotsukira zina za organic solvent zomwe zaletsedwa, monga trichlorotrifluoroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane ndi perbromoalkanes, zimapereka ntchito yabwino kwambiri yoyeretsa ndipo zimabweretsa phindu pazachuma. Komabe, zinthuzi zimawononga ozoni layer ndipo zimakhala zoopsa ku Dziko Lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kubwezeretsanso ndikusonkhanitsa zotsalira zawo, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwaletsedwa mwalamulo.
2.Woyeretsera pogwiritsa ntchito madzi
Zotsukira zoyambirira zochokera m'madzi makamaka zimagwiritsa ntchito ma alkali osapangidwa ndi alkali kapena mchere wosapangidwa ndi alkali wambiri. Ma formula awo osavuta komanso alkalinity wamphamvu adabweretsa zovuta zambiri pakuyeretsa ndipo adawononga kwambiri magwiridwe antchito oyeretsa. Zotsukira zamakono zochokera m'madzi zagonjetsa zofooka izi. Zimaphatikizapo ma surfactants, ma complexing agents, zoletsa dzimbiri, zokhazikika, zosungunulira ndi zosakaniza zina zothandiza, ndi ma formula opangidwa mwaluso malinga ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana zotsukira ndi zida zoyambira.
Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa mafuta musanagwiritse ntchito electroplating kumagwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zosakaniza monga polyether, triethanolamine oleate ndi sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate. Fomula yosakaniza iyi siiwononga zinthu zoyambira. Siifuna kutentha mukamagwiritsa ntchito, imapanga thovu lochepa, imapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zoyeretsera, imakhala ndi mlingo wochepa komanso mtengo wotsika, ndipo ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Siili ndi poizoni komanso yoteteza chilengedwe, yoyenera kuyeretsa pamanja komanso pamakina pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yoyeretsera mukamaliza kuyeretsa.
Kukonza bwino njira yoyeretsera pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kumathandizanso kuti ntchito zambiri zichitike nthawi imodzi. Poyeretsa ziwalo zamkuwa, zosakaniza zopukutira zitha kuwonjezeredwa ku njira yoyeretsera kuti zithetse kuyeretsa ndi kupukuta mu njira imodzi. Fomula yodziwika bwino imakhala ndi mafuta a kokonati acid diethanolamide, glycerin ndi dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, pamodzi ndi zoletsa dzimbiri ndi zowunikira. Imasunga mphamvu yochotsa mafuta ndipo imawongolera bwino pH kuti iteteze ziwalo zamkuwa ku dzimbiri zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi pH yotsika kwambiri. Zoletsa dzimbiri ndi zowunikira zowonjezera zimapatsa ziwalo zamkuwa zotsukidwa kuwala kwabwino. Ngati zoteteza kupanga filimu ziphatikizidwa mu fomula, filimu yoteteza imapangidwa pamwamba pa ziwalo zamkuwa, ndikuzisunga zowala kwa nthawi yayitali mutatsuka.
Pofuna kuyeretsa kosamalira chilengedwe, zotsukira zochokera m'madzi zapangidwanso ndi zinthu zotsukira zachilengedwe zomwe zimawonongeka komanso zopanda poizoni monga alkyl glycosides ndi sophorolipids. Fomula yachizolowezi imatenga alkyl glycosides ndi sophorolipids ngati ma surfactants, nitrilotriacetic acid ngati chothandizira, sodium alginate ngati chokhuthala, ndi sodium gluconate ngati chowonjezera chothandizira. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi kuyanjana kwabwino kwa biocompatibility, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuchepa kwa kuyabwa pakhungu. Kupatula apo, zinthu zothandizirazi zilibe phosphorous, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzi zikhale zosamalira chilengedwe. Zotsukira zotere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zotsukira zobiriwira m'makhitchini, m'zimbudzi ndi m'malo ena okhala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Zotsukira pogwiritsa ntchito madzi zimakwaniritsa zosowa za zotsukira zosungunulira zachilengedwe. Ndi zotsika mtengo, zotetezeka komanso zosamalira chilengedwe, zokhala ndi zinthu zopangira zosavuta kupeza komanso zongowonjezedwanso. Chifukwa chake, zotsukira pogwiritsa ntchito madzi zimatha kukhala m'malo mwa zotsukira zosungunulira zachilengedwe pomwe zikupeza zotsatira zofanana zotsukira.
3.Woyeretsera Wogwiritsa Ntchito Madzi Ochepa
Zotsukira zamadzimadzi zimasiyana ndi zotsukira zochokera ku organic solvent chifukwa madzi ndi ma surfactants amawonjezeredwa ku organic solvents. Pachifukwa ichi, m'mabuku ena amatchedwanso emulsion cleaning agents kapena microemulsion cleaning agents.
Njira yawo yoyeretsera imaphatikiza njira zoyeretsera zochokera m'madzi zomwe zili ndi ma surfactants ndi zoyeretsera zochokera ku solvent. Zoyeretsera zamadzimadzi zimasunga ubwino wa zoyeretsera zochokera ku solvent, zomwe ndi kuyeretsa kwamphamvu motsutsana ndi madontho a mafuta komanso kunyowetsa bwino komanso kulowa bwino pa substrates. Pakadali pano, zimapereka mphamvu yochotsera zodetsa zochokera m'madzi. Poyerekeza ndi zoyeretsera zochokera ku solvent, zimakhalanso ndi ntchito yabwino yoyeretsera pa zodetsa zopanda chilengedwe. Kuwonjezera madzi kumawonjezera kuwala ndikuchepetsa kusasinthasintha kwa zoyeretsera, zomwe zimawonjezera chitetezo cha zodetsera zoyambirira ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zawo.
Kutengera kusungunuka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi, zinthu zotsukira za semi-aqueous nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'magulu a zinthu zosungunulira zosungunuka m'madzi ndi zinthu zosungunulira zosungunuka m'madzi. Zinthu zosungunulira zosungunuka m'madzi makamaka ndi ma alcohols, ethers ndi ma ketones. Zimagwira ntchito bwino pa zinthu zonyansa zamafuta ndi zamadzi, komabe zimatha kuyaka. Kuzipanga kukhala zinthu zotsukira za semi-aqueous ndi madzi ochepa kungachepetse kuyaka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito bwino. Zinthu zosungunulira zosungunuka m'madzi makamaka zimaphatikizapo zinthu zosungunulira za hydrocarbon zochokera ku mafuta, zinthu zosungunulira za terpene hydrocarbon ndi ma halogenated hydrocarbons. Zimakhalanso ndi malo otsika owunikira ndipo zimatha kuyaka komanso kuphulika. Zinthu zosungunulira zamoyo zotere zikapangidwa kukhala zinthu zotsukira za semi-aqueous, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kupsinjika kwa pamwamba pakati pa zinthu zosungunulira zamadzi zopanda madzi ndi madzi kudzatsogolera ku kusagwirizana ndi kugawikana ngati madzi okha awonjezeredwa. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zosungunulira ziyenera kuphatikizidwa kuti zichepetse kupsinjika pakati pa magawo awiriwa, kukonza kugwirizana ndikukwaniritsa kusakanikirana kofanana.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-28-2026