Kev ntxuav hauv kev lag luamQhov tseeb tiag, nws muaj keeb kwm tsuas yog ob peb xyoo caum xwb, tab sis nws txoj kev tshwm sim tau coj cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg nkaus rau kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo rau kev tsim khoom lag luam. Nrog rau kev nce qib sai ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntxuav, kev ntxuav kev lag luam tau siv rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev lag luam, suav nrog kev luam ntawv thiab zas xim, petrochemicals, tshuab, kev khawb av thiab smelting, kev kho qhov chaw, kev tsim tshuaj lom neeg, cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntsuas, hluav taws xob, semiconductors, moos thiab hniav nyiaj hniav kub, biology, thiab optics. Qhov no qhia tag nrho lub peev xwm ua lag luam loj heev thiab lub zog loj hlob ntawm kev ntxuav kev lag luam.
Feem ntau, cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv kev lag luam raug muab faib ua cov tshuaj ntxuav, kev ntxuav lub cev thiab kev ntxuav cov kab mob me me raws li lawv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm. Kev ntxuav tshuaj muaj keeb kwm ntev tshaj plaws, ntau yam kev siv thiab ntau hom khoom sib txawv. Lub caij no, cov tshuaj ntxuav tshuaj raug muab faib ua peb pawg raws li lawv cov dej: cov tshuaj ntxuav organic solvent, cov tshuaj ntxuav dej thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav ib nrab dej.
Tsab xov xwm no piav qhia txog cov qauv sib xyaw, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntxuav thiab kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm peb hom tshuaj ntxuav no.
1. Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Organic Solvent
Cov tshuaj ntxuav organic solvent feem ntau yog hais txog cov organic solvents uas tsis muaj dej nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv siv cov hydrocarbons (alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons), chlorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, cawv, cawv ethers thiab lwm yam khoom ua cov khoom siv raw tseem ceeb. Lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav organic solvent yog kom yaj cov tshuaj uas tsis yaj hauv dej tab sis yaj hauv cov organic solvents, xws li roj, quav ciab, resin, roj hmab, dyes, qee cov nplaum thiab lwm yam organic contaminants.
Cov tshuaj ntxuav organic solvent muaj cov kua dej thaum kub thiab siab, zoo fluidity thiab viscosity tsawg. Lawv yog cov volatile heev, tsis muaj cov khoom seem rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom tom qab ntxuav, thiab yuav tsis xeb lossis ua puas rau cov khoom siv hauv paus thaum lub sijhawm ntxuav.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov volatility siab ntawm cov organic solvents, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus qis boiling, ua rau lawv yooj yim khiav tawm mus rau hauv ib puag ncig. Ntawm cov tshuaj no, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons thiab lwm yam halogenated hydrocarbons yog lom rau tib neeg lub cev. Cawv thiab cawv ethers yog lipophilic, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau tib neeg, tsiaj txhu thiab ib puag ncig ecological.
Piv txwv li, qee cov tshuaj ntxuav organic solvent uas tau raug txwv, xws li trichlorotrifluoroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane thiab perbromoalkanes, muab kev ua haujlwm zoo heev thiab coj cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj no ua rau lub txheej ozone puas tsuaj thiab ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau lub ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws nyuaj heev rau kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab sau lawv cov khoom seem, yog li lawv siv tau raug txwv tsis pub ua.
2.Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Uas Siv Dej
Cov tshuaj ntxuav uas siv dej thaum ub feem ntau siv cov inorganic alkalis lossis inorganic ntsev uas muaj alkaline ntau. Lawv cov mis yooj yim thiab alkalinity muaj zog ua rau muaj ntau yam tsis zoo thaum ntxuav thiab ua rau kev ntxuav tsis zoo. Cov tshuaj ntxuav niaj hnub no tau kov yeej cov teeb meem no. Lawv muaj cov surfactants, complexing agents, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, solubilizers thiab lwm yam khoom xyaw ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov mis tshwj xeeb tsim raws li ntau lub hom phiaj ntxuav thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.
Piv txwv li, kev tshem roj ua ntej electroplating siv cov khoom xyaw sib xyaw xws li polyether, triethanolamine oleate thiab sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate. Cov mis sib xyaw no yeej tsis xeb rau cov khoom siv hauv paus. Nws tsis tas yuav cua sov thaum siv, tsim cov npuas dej tsawg, muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo heev rau kev ntxuav, muaj cov tshuaj tsawg thiab tus nqi qis, thiab yooj yim rau kev siv. Nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig, tsim nyog rau kev ntxuav tes thiab tshuab nrog kev kho mob yooj yim tom qab ntxuav.
Kev siv cov tshuaj ntxuav uas muaj dej los ntxuav kuj ua rau muaj ntau yam haujlwm ua tau tib lub sijhawm. Thaum ntxuav cov khoom siv tooj liab, cov khoom xyaw polishing tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kom ua tiav kev ntxuav thiab polishing hauv ib qho txheej txheem. Ib qho tshuaj feem ntau muaj cov roj txiv maj phaub fatty acid diethanolamide, glycerin thiab dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion thiab brighteners. Nws tswj tau lub peev xwm degreasing zoo thiab tswj hwm tus nqi pH kom zoo kom tiv thaiv cov khoom siv tooj liab los ntawm kev xeb los ntawm pH qis dhau. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion thiab brighteners ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tooj liab muaj qhov ci ntsa iab zoo. Yog tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zaj duab xis tau sib xyaw rau hauv cov tshuaj, ib zaj duab xis tiv thaiv yuav tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab, ua rau lawv ci ntsa iab ntev tom qab ntxuav.
Txhawm rau ua kom huv si thiab tsis muaj kuab lom, cov tshuaj ntxuav uas siv dej tau tsim ntxiv nrog cov khoom xyaw uas lwj tau thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom xws li alkyl glycosides thiab sophorolipids. Ib hom mis ib txwm siv alkyl glycosides thiab sophorolipids ua cov surfactants, nitrilotriacetic acid ua tus neeg sawv cev ua ke, sodium alginate ua tus ua kom tuab, thiab sodium gluconate ua cov khoom xyaw pab. Tag nrho cov khoom xyaw no muaj kev sib raug zoo zoo, muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau ntawm cov kab mob thiab tsis ua rau khaus tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom pab tsis muaj phosphorus, ua rau cov khoom zoo rau ib puag ncig. Cov tshuaj ntxuav no siv dav ua cov tshuaj ntxuav ntsuab rau chav ua noj, chav dej thiab lwm qhov chaw nyob, muaj kev siv dav.
Cov tshuaj ntxuav uas muaj dej ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav organic solvent. Lawv pheej yig, muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov khoom siv raw uas yooj yim nrhiav tau thiab rov ua dua tshiab. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj ntxuav uas muaj dej ua tau zoo li lwm yam tshuaj ntxuav organic solvent thaum ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws.
3.Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Uas Siv Dej Ib Nrab
Cov tshuaj ntxuav semi-aqueous txawv ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav organic solvent uas yog cov dej thiab surfactants ntxiv rau hauv cov organic solvents. Vim li no, lawv kuj raug xa mus rau cov tshuaj ntxuav emulsion lossis cov tshuaj ntxuav microemulsion hauv qee cov ntaub ntawv.
Lawv txoj kev ntxuav ua ke cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav dej uas muaj surfactants thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav uas muaj cov kuab tshuaj. Cov tshuaj ntxuav semi-aqueous khaws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav uas muaj cov kuab tshuaj ib txwm muaj, uas yog cov tshuaj ntxuav muaj zog tiv thaiv cov roj thiab kev ua kom ntub thiab nkag mus rau ntawm cov substrates zoo heev. Lub caij no, lawv muab cov peev xwm tshem tawm cov pa phem uas muaj dej ntau dua. Piv nrog cov tshuaj ntxuav organic uas muaj cov kuab tshuaj, lawv kuj muaj kev ua haujlwm ntxuav zoo dua ntawm cov pa phem uas tsis muaj organic. Kev ntxiv dej ua rau lub teeb ci ntsa iab thiab txo qhov volatility ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav, uas ua rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kuab tshuaj qub thiab nthuav lawv qhov kev siv.
Raws li qhov solubility ntawm cov organic solvents hauv dej, cov tshuaj ntxuav semi-aqueous feem ntau raug faib ua hom tshuaj yaj hauv dej thiab hom tshuaj yaj hauv dej uas tsis yaj. Cov tshuaj yaj hauv dej feem ntau yog cawv, ethers thiab ketones. Lawv ua haujlwm zoo rau ob qho tib si roj thiab dej uas muaj cov pa phem, tab sis lawv yooj yim hlawv. Kev tsim lawv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav semi-aqueous nrog me ntsis dej tuaj yeem txo qhov yooj yim hlawv rau kev siv nyab xeeb dua. Cov tshuaj yaj hauv dej feem ntau suav nrog cov roj av-raws li cov tshuaj hydrocarbon, cov tshuaj hydrocarbon terpene thiab halogenated hydrocarbons. Lawv kuj muaj cov ntsiab lus flash qis thiab yooj yim hlawv thiab tawg. Thaum cov organic solvents no raug ua rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav semi-aqueous, qhov sib txawv loj ntawm qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj organic uas tsis yog aqueous thiab dej yuav ua rau tsis sib xws thiab stratification yog tias tsuas yog ntxiv dej. Yog li ntawd, surfactants yuav tsum tau koom ua ke los txo qhov nro ntawm ob theem, txhim kho kev sib raug zoo thiab ua tiav kev sib xyaw ua ke.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Tsib Hlis-28-2026