Ukuze ube yingcaphephe kwaye ulawule inkqubo yokususa ioyile kakuhle, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo umgaqo wokubopha phakathi kwengubo kunye ne-substrate yesinyithi. Eli nqaku lidla ngokunganakwa, nto leyo ebangela ubunzima ekusebenzeni.
Izinto ezifanelekileyo zibonisa ukuba ukubophelelana koomatshini okubangelwa buburhabaxa obuncinci bokugquma kunye nomphezulu we-substrate kuqinile kuphela xa kukho ukubophelelana kwamandla aphakathi kweemolekyuli kunye naphakathi kweemetali phakathi kokugquma kunye ne-substrate yesinyithi. Amandla aphakathi kweemolekyuli kunye naphakathi kweemetali anokubonakala kuphela kumgama omncinci kakhulu.
Xa umgama phakathi kweemolekyuli udlula i-5μm, amandla aphakathi kweemolekyuli awasasebenzi. Ke ngoko, ifilimu encinci yeoyile kunye nefilimu ye-oxide kumphezulu we-substrate nazo zinokuthintela amandla okubopha aphakathi kweemolekyuli okanye esinyithi.
Ukuze kufezekiswe ukubopha okukhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, kuyimfuneko ukususa amabala eoyile, umhlwa kunye nesikali se-oxide kwiimveliso ngokupheleleyo. I-"quite thorough" esithetha ngayo ayithethi ukuba umphezulu kufuneka ucoceke ngokupheleleyo emva konyango lwangaphambi kokufakelwa, kodwa ithetha ukuba unomphezulu ofanelekileyo. I-quilled surface ebizwa ngokuba yi-qualified surface ithetha ukuba iifilimu eziyingozi kwi-electroplating kufuneka zisuswe emva konyango lwangaphambi kokufakelwa kwaye zitshintshwe ziifilimu ezifanelekileyo ukwamkela i-electroplating.
Kwangaxeshanye, ngonyango lwangaphambi kokufakelwa ipleyiti, umphezulu wesinyithi kufuneka ube tyaba ngokupheleleyo. Emva konyango loomatshini olufana nokusila, ukupolisha, ukuguqa, ukuqhumisa isanti, njl.njl., imikrwelo ecacileyo, ii-burrs kunye nezinye iziphene kumphezulu ziyasuswa, ukuze umphezulu we-substrate uhlangabezane neemfuno zokulinganisa i-substrate kunye nokugqitywa kweendawo ezifakwe ipleyiti ngaphambi kokususwa kweoyile kunye nokususwa komhlwa.
Eli nqaku kufuneka licace. Kuphela xa eli nqaku licacile apho sinokukhetha ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo indlela yokunyanga ngaphambi kokufaka ipleyiti kunye nefomula phakathi kweefomula ezifanayo zonyango lwangaphambi kokufaka ipleyiti.
Indlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo yokususa amafutha kwimveliso?
Ukususwa kwe-alkaline kudla ngokusetyenziswa. Ulwakhiwo lwesisombululo sokususa i-oyile kunye neemeko zenkqubo zikhethwa ngokwemeko yebala leoyile kunye nohlobo lwezinto zesinyithi.
Xa kukho inani elikhulu lamafutha anamathele kumphezulu, oko kukuthi, umaleko weoyile utyebile kakhulu, unomsindo wokutyeba nokunamathela, awunakususwa ngokulula kuphela ngokususa amafutha kwi-alkaline. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezinje ngokuxubha nge-solvent ukuze ususe amafutha ngaphambi konyango, uze emva koko wenze i-alkaline degreasing. Isisombululo se-alkaline degreasing sinamandla kakhulu kwi-alkaline, kwaye siya kubangela ukubola okubonakalayo xa sisabela kwezinye iintsimbi.
Ngoko ke, xa kucocwa iindawo ezifakwe igrisi ezifana ne-aluminium kunye ne-zinc, kufuneka kwenziwe phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphantsi kunye ne-alkali ephantsi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kuqhelekile ngokubanzi ukunyanga iindawo zentsimbi nge-alkalinity ephezulu, kodwa xa kucocwa iindawo zesinyithi ezingezizo i-ferrous, i-pH yesisombululo sokucocwa kufuneka ilungiswe ibe kuluhlu olufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, i-aluminium, i-zinc kunye nee-alloys zazo kufuneka zibe ne-pH elawulwayo ngaphantsi kwe-11, kwaye ixesha lokucocwa kwemveliso ezinjalo akufuneki lidlule imizuzu emi-3.
Ngokwembono yeendleko, abanye bakhuthaza ukuncitshiswa kwamafutha kubushushu obuphantsi, kodwa ukunciphisa ubushushu kuyaphikisana nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Okukhona ubushushu buphezulu, kokukhona isantya sokuphendula ngokwasemzimbeni nangokweekhemikhali sikhawuleza phakathi kwegrisi enamathela kumphezulu kunye nesixhobo sokucoca, kwaye kokukhona kulula ukuncitshiswa kwamafutha.
Ukuziqhelanisa kuye kwabonisa ukuba i-viscosity yamabala eoyile iyancipha njengoko ubushushu bunyuka, ngoko ke kulula ukuyisusa, kodwa ubushushu obuphantsi abunalo olu phumo. Ke ngoko, kuthathwa njengokusebenzisa ii-emulsifiers kunye nee-surfactants. Ngokuphathelele ukuba ukususa amafutha kubushushu obuphezulu kulungile na kwaye loluphi ubushushu olufanelekileyo ukulawula, amava ombhali kukuba i-70-80°C ingcono. Oku kunokunceda ekupheliseni uxinzelelo oluseleyo lwesinyithi esisisiseko esibangelwa kukusebenza, okuluncedo kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukunamathela kwengubo, ngakumbi phakathi kwee-nickels ezinamaleya amaninzi.
Iindawo zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo zingasebenzisa ukucocwa okudibeneyo, njengokususwa kwe-cathodic okokuqala imizuzu emi-3-5, emva koko ukucocwa kwe-anodic imizuzu eli-1-2, okanye ukucocwa kwe-anodic kokuqala imizuzu emi-3-5, emva koko ukucocwa kwe-cathodic imizuzu eli-1-2. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngeenkqubo ezimbini zokucocwa okanye ngokusebenzisa umbane onesixhobo sokutshintsha.
Kwintsimbi enamandla aphezulu, intsimbi yasentwasahlobo kunye neendawo ezincinci, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqhekeka kwehydrogen, kuphela ukucocwa kwe-anodic kwenziwa imizuzu eliqela. Nangona kunjalo, iindawo zesinyithi ezingezizo i-ferrous ezifana ne-copper kunye ne-copper alloys azinakusebenzisa ukucocwa kwe-anodic, kwaye kuphela ukucocwa kwe-cathodic imizuzu eli-1-2 kuvunyelwe.
Ngokuphathelele ukulungiswa nokugcinwa kwesisombululo sokususa amafutha, ukulungiswa kwezisombululo zokususa amafutha ngamakhemikhali kunye nezokususa amafutha nge-electrolytic kulula kakhulu. Okokuqala, sebenzisa i-2/3 yomthamo wamanzi etankini ukunyibilikisa ezinye izinto ngaphandle kwe-surfactants, kwaye uxube ngaxeshanye (ukuthintela amayeza ukuba angaqini). Ekubeni ezi zinto zonyango zikhupha ubushushu xa zinyibilikisiwe, akukho mfuneko yokuzifudumeza. Ii-surfactants kufuneka zinyibilikiswe ngokwahlukeneyo ngamanzi ashushu ngaphambi kokuba zongezwe. Ukuba azinakunyibilikiswa ngaxeshanye, ulwelo olucacileyo olungaphezulu lunokuthululwa kwaye emva koko amanzi anokongezwa ukuze anyibilikiswe. Yongeza kumthamo ochaziweyo kwaye uxube kakuhle ngaphambi kokusebenzisa.
Ingqwalasela kufuneka inikwe kulawulo lolwelo lokususa ioyile:
① Vavanya kwaye uzalise izinto rhoqo. Izinto ezisetyenziswayo kufuneka zizaliswe nge-1/3 ukuya kwi-1/2 yenani lokuqala ngeveki okanye kabini ngeveki ngokomthamo wemveliso.
② Iipleyiti zesinyithi ezisetyenzisiweyo akufuneki zibe nokungcola okugqithisileyo kwesinyithi esinzima ukuthintela ukuba zingangeniswa kwingubo. Uxinano lwangoku kufuneka lugcinwe kwi-5-10 A/dm², kwaye ukhetho lwalo kufuneka luqinisekise ukuvela okwaneleyo kwamaqamza. Oku akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukususwa kwamathontsi eoyile kumphezulu we-electrode kodwa kukwaphazamisa isisombululo. Xa ibala leoyile yomphezulu lihlala lihleli, okukhona uxinano lwangoku lukhulu, kokukhona isantya sokususa amafutha sikhawuleza.
③ Amabala eoyile adadayo etankini kufuneka asuswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
④ Coca rhoqo udaka kunye nokungcola etankini, kwaye utshintshe isisombululo setankini ngokukhawuleza.
⑤ Zama ukusebenzisa ii-surfactants ezine-foam ephantsi kwi-electrolyte; kungenjalo, ukungeniswa kwazo kwitanki ye-electroplating kuya kuchaphazela umgangatho.
Ungayilawula njani inkqubo yokuhluza i-asidi (ukuhluza)?
Njengenkqubo yokususa amafutha, ukugawula i-asidi (ukugawula) kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kunyango lwangaphambi kokufaka i-asidi. Ezi nkqubo zimbini zisetyenziswa kunye kwimveliso yangaphambi kokufaka i-asidi, kwaye injongo yazo ephambili kukususa i-rust kunye ne-oxide scales kwiindawo ze-metal plating.
Ngokwesiqhelo, inkqubo esetyenziselwa ukususa inani elikhulu lee-oxides ibizwa ngokuba yi-strong etching, kwaye inkqubo esetyenziselwa ukususa iifilimu ze-oxide ezincinci ezingabonakaliyo emehlweni ibizwa ngokuba yi-weak etching, enokwahlulwahlulwa ngakumbi ibe yi-chemical etching kunye ne-electrochemical etching. I-Weak etching isetyenziswa njengenkqubo yokugqibela yonyango emva kwe-strong etching, oko kukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba i-workpiece ingene kwinkqubo ye-electroplating. Yinkqubo yokuvuselela umphezulu wesinyithi kwaye kulula ukuyihoya xa kusenziwa imveliso, enye yezizathu zokuxobuka nge-electroplating.
Ukuba isisombululo sokugrumba esibuthathaka sesinye sezona zinto ziphambili kwisisombululo esilandelayo sokugrumba, okanye ukuba ukufakwa kwaso akuyi kuchaphazela isisombululo sokugrumba, kungcono ukufaka ngqo iindawo zokugrumba ezisebenzayo kwi-plate ye-plating ngaphandle kokucoca.
Umzekelo, ngesisombululo sokuvuselela i-asidi edilute esisetyenziswa ngaphambi kokufakelwa i-nickel, ukuqinisekisa inkqubela egudileyo yenkqubo yokusika, kufuneka kususwe amafutha ngaphambi kokusika; kungenjalo, i-asidi kunye ne-metal oxides azinakunxibelelana kakuhle, kwaye impendulo yokunyibilika kweekhemikhali iya kuba nzima ukuqhubeka.
Ngoko ke, ukuze ukwazi kakuhle ukugrumba i-asidi, kubalulekile ukucacisa le migaqo isisiseko ngokwethiyori.
Ngokwesiqhelo, ukususa isikali se-oxide kwiindawo zentsimbi nezentsimbi, i-sulfuric acid kunye ne-hydrochloric acid zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekukroleni i-asidi. Le ndlela ilula, kodwa kwimveliso yokwenyani, kunzima ukufezekisa injongo elindelekileyo ukuba ayinikwanga ngqalelo.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha iimeko zenkqubo yokugrumba ye-sulfuric acid zihlala zisekelwe kumava ukuze zichonge ngokubonakala kwento yokusebenza emva kokugawula, nto leyo, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, engenakulawulwa ngokwenani. Uqheliselo luye lwabonisa ukuba isiphumo sokugawula i-sulfuric acid ekususeni izikali ze-oxide kwi-40°C sikhulu kakhulu kune-20°C, kodwa xa ubushushu busanda ngakumbi, isiphumo sokugawula asinyuki ngokulinganayo.
Kwangaxeshanye, kwi-sulfuric acid enoxinzelelo olungaphantsi kwama-20%, njengoko uxinzelelo lusanda, isantya sokusika i-asidi siyakhawuleza, kodwa xa uxinzelelo ludlula ama-20%, isantya sokusika i-asidi siyancipha endaweni yoko. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sikholelwa ukuba iimeko zenkqubo eqhelekileyo ze-10%-20% yoxinzelelo lwe-sulfuric acid kunye nokusika ngaphantsi kwama-60°C zifanelekile ngakumbi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba malunga nobudala besisombululo se-sulfuric acid, ngokubanzi, xa umxholo wesinyithi kwisisombululo sokusika udlula ama-80 g/L kwaye umxholo we-ferrous sulfate udlula ama-2.5 g/L, isisombululo se-sulfuric acid asinakusetyenziswa.
Ngeli xesha, isisombululo kufuneka sipholiswe ukuze siqine kwaye sisuse i-ferrous sulfate egqithisileyo, emva koko kongezwe i-asidi entsha ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zenkqubo.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha iimeko zenkqubo yokugrumba iasidi ye-hydrochloric acid: uxinzelelo kufuneka lulawulwe ngokubanzi kwi-10%-20%, kwaye inkqubo kufuneka yenziwe kubushushu begumbi. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-sulfuric acid, phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu, isantya sokugrumba se-hydrochloric acid sikhawuleza ngokuphindwe kayi-1.5-2 kunese-sulfuric acid.
Ukuba kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-sulfuric acid okanye i-hydrochloric acid ekukroleni i-asidi kuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile yemveliso yokwenyani. Umzekelo, ekukroleni okunamandla kweentsimbi ze-ferrous, i-sulfuric acid okanye i-hydrochloric acid idla ngokusetyenziswa, okanye "i-mixed acid" yezi zimbini ngokwesilinganiso esithile.
Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo lwe-asidi esetyenziselwa ukugrumba ngamandla eekhemikhali luxhomekeke kulwakhiwo kunye nolwakhiwo lwee-oxides kumphezulu wenxalenye yentsimbi neyentsimbi. Kwangaxeshanye, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa isantya sokugrumba esikhawulezayo, iindleko zemveliso eziphantsi, kunye nokuguquguquka okuncinci kunye nokubhitya kwe-hydrogen kwiimveliso zesinyithi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba ukususwa kwezikali ze-oxide kwi-hydrochloric acid kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekunyibilikeni kweekhemikhali kwe-hydrochloric acid, kwaye isiphumo sokugrumba kwe-hydrogen ngomatshini sincinci kakhulu kuneso se-sulfuric acid. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-asidi xa usebenzisa i-hydrochloric acid yodwa kuphezulu kunaxa usebenzisa i-sulfuric acid yodwa.
Xa izikali ze-rust kunye ne-oxide kumphezulu weendawo zokugquma ziqulathe inani elikhulu le-high-valent iron oxides, i-mixed acid etching ingasetyenziswa, engasebenzisi nje kuphela impembelelo yokukrazula kwe-hydrogen kwizikali ze-oxide kodwa ikwakhawulezisa ukunyibilika kweekhemikhali ze-oxides. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umphezulu wesinyithi unemveliso ye-rust ekhululekileyo kuphela (ikakhulu i-Fe₂O₃), i-hydrochloric acid yodwa ingasetyenziselwa ukukrazula ngenxa yesantya sayo sokukrazula esikhawulezayo, ukunyibilika okuncinci kwe-substrate, kunye nokuqhekeka okuncinci kwe-hydrogen.
Kodwa xa umphezulu wesinyithi unesikali se-oxide esixineneyo, ukusebenzisa i-hydrochloric acid yodwa kudla okungakumbi, kuneendleko eziphezulu, kwaye kunefuthe elibi lokuxobuka kwisikali se-oxide kune-sulfuric acid, ngoko ke i-sulfuric acid ingcono.
Ukugrumba nge-electrolytic (i-electrolytic acid, ukugrumba nge-electrochemical), nokuba yi-cathodic electrolysis, i-anodic electrolysis, okanye i-PR electrolysis (i-periodic reversal electrolysis, etshintsha rhoqo iipali ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zomsebenzi), inokwenziwa kwisisombululo se-5%-20% se-sulfuric acid.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokugrumba ngamakhemikhali, ukugrumba nge-electrolytic kunokususa ngokukhawuleza izikali ze-oxide ezibotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo, kubangele ukugrumba okuncinci kwisinyithi esisisiseko, kulula ukuyisebenzisa nokuyilawula, kwaye kufanelekile kwiintambo ze-electroplating ezizenzekelayo. I-PR electrolysis isetyenziswa kakhulu eJapan ukususa izikali ze-oxide kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo.
ETshayina, uninzi lusebenzisa i-cathodic kunye ne-anodic electrolytic pickling kunye ne-electrolytic degreasing kunyango lwangaphambi kokufakelwa. I-anodic electrolytic acid yeentsimbi ze-ferrous ifanelekile ekucubunguleni iindawo zesinyithi ezine-oxide scales eninzi kunye ne-rust, kwaye inokwenziwa ikakhulu kubushushu begumbi. Ukunyusa ubushushu kunokunyusa isantya sokusika i-acid, kodwa kungekhona kakhulu njengokusika i-chemical acid. Ukunyusa uxinano lwangoku kunokukhawulezisa isantya sokusika i-acid, kodwa ukuba iphezulu kakhulu, isinyithi esisisiseko siya kutshabalala.
Ngeli xesha, ukunyibilika kweekhemikhali kunye neekhemikhali zesinyithi esisisiseko kuyanyamalala, kushiye kuphela isiphumo sokuqhekeka kweoksijini kwizikali ze-oxide. Ke ngoko, isantya sokuqhekeka sinyuka kancinci, ekufuneka sifundwe ngobuchule. Ngokwesiqhelo, uxinano lwangoku lwe-5-10 A/dm² lufanelekile. Kwiglu ye-anodic acid, i-o-xylene thiourea okanye iglue ye-sulfonated woodworking ingasetyenziswa njengezithinteli, kunye nomthamo we-3-5 g/L; kwi-cathodic electrolytic acid yeesinyithi ze-ferrous, isisombululo se-sulfuric acid singasetyenziswa, okanye i-acid exutyiweyo ye-5% ye-sulfuric acid kunye ne-5% ye-hydrochloric acid, kunye nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-sodium chloride. Ngenxa yokuba akukho nkqubo icacileyo yokunyibilika kweekhemikhali kunye neekhemikhali zesinyithi kwi-substrate yesinyithi (isinyithi), ukongeza ngokufanelekileyo iikhompawundi ezine-Cl⁻ kunokunceda ukukhulula izikali ze-oxide kumphezulu weendawo kunye nokukhawulezisa isantya sokuqhekeka. Kwangaxeshanye, i-formaldehyde okanye i-urotropine ingasetyenziswa njengezithinteli.
Ngamafutshane, i-sulfuric acid isetyenziswa kakhulu ekukroleni intsimbi, ubhedu kunye nobhedu nge-asidi. Ukongeza koku kungasentla, i-sulfuric acid, kunye ne-chromic acid kunye ne-dichromates, isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokususa ii-oxides kunye ne-smut kwi-aluminium.
Isetyenziswa kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid okanye i-nitric acid okanye zombini ukususa izikali ze-oxide kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo. Inzuzo ye-hydrochloric acid kukuba iyakwazi ukuqhola iintsimbi ezininzi kubushushu begumbi; enye yezinto ezingalunganga kukuba kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuthintela umphunga we-HCl kunye nongcoliseko lwe-acid inkungu.
Ukongeza, i-nitric acid kunye ne-phosphoric acid nazo zisetyenziswa rhoqo ekunyangweni kwesandla ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe iplati. I-nitric acid yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yee-etching agents ezininzi ezikhanyayo. Ixutywe ne-hydrofluoric acid ukususa izikali ze-oxide treatment heat treatment kwi-aluminium, i-stainless steel, i-nickel-based and iron-based alloys, i-titanium, i-zirconium, kunye nezinye ii-alloys ezisekelwe kwi-cobalt.
I-asidi ye-phosphoric isetyenziselwa ukususa umhlwa kwiindawo zentsimbi nakwizisombululo ezikhethekileyo zetanki zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, i-aluminiyam, i-bronze, kunye ne-copper. I-asidi exutyiweyo ye-asidi ye-phosphoric-nitric acid-acetic acid isetyenziselwa unyango lwangaphambi kokunyibilikisa okukhanyayo kwiindawo ze-aluminiyam. I-asidi ye-Fluoroboric ibonakalise ukuba sisisombululo esisebenzayo sokuphaka kwi-alloys ezisekelwe kwi-lead okanye kwiindawo ze-copper okanye ze-brass ezine-tin solder.
Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba ukususwa kwezikali ze-oxide zesinyithi kunye nee-oxide kudla i-5% yemveliso ye-sulfuric acid yehlabathi, i-25% ye-hydrochloric acid, uninzi lwe-hydrofluoric acid, kunye nesixa esikhulu se-nitric acid kunye ne-phosphoric acid.
Ngoko ke, ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwezi asidi ekukroleni i-asidi ngokucacileyo yingxaki ebalulekileyo kubuchwepheshe bokusetyenziswa konyango lwangaphambi kokugquma. Nangona kunjalo, akunzima ukuzisebenzisa, kodwa akulula ukuzisebenzisa kakuhle, ukuzigcina, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-29-2026