Ko te horoi ongā matū horoiKoia te taonga matua o te ao, ā, he whānui rawa ngā whakamahinga. He hononga tata ki te oranga o ia rā o te tini o ngā whare, ā, kei te piki haere te whakamahinga puta noa i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ao me ngā rāngai whakaputa ahumahi.
Ko ngā matū horoi horoi te matū matua o ngā hopi horoi; kāore e taea te whakamahi i ngā hopi horoi hangai me te kore he matū horoi horoi. I roto i ngā momo matū horoi horoi katoa (SAA), ko ngā matū horoi horoi anionic te tuatahi i whakamahia e te tangata, ā, koinei tonu te momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e 50% o te katoa o te hiahia o te mākete i tēnei wā.
I. Ngā Kaihoroi Anionic
Ko ngā momo matua o ngā surfactants anionic e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hopi horoi ko ngā tote waikawa ngako (ngā hopi), ngā alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), ngā sulfates waipiro ngako (AS), ngā sulfates waipiro ngako polyoxyethylene ether (AES),αngā sulfonates -olefin (AOS), te waipiro ngako polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), me ngā sulfonates methyl ester waikawa ngako (MES).
1. Hōpi
He utu kino te wāhanga hohe-mata o ngā ngota hopi, ā, tata ki te 25% te nui o ngā tote konutai me te pāhare pākawa o ngā waikawa ngako mekameka roa. E whakamanamana ana tēnei hopi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ki ngā painga o te nui o ngā rauemi mata, te ngāwari o te whakarite me te iti o te utu. I roto i te ahumahi, ka hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā ngako whakapūhui pēnei i te mīti kau me te ngako hipi me ngā kawakore kaha, ā, muri iho ka tāpirihia he tote hei wehe i te glycerol. Ko tōna ngoikoretanga nui ko te mea ka pāngia e ngā iona konganuku takirua me ngā iona konganuku takirua tae atu ki te Ca2+, Mg2+ me te Fe2+ i roto i ngā wairewa, ka puta he hopi konupūmā, he hopi konupora rānei kāore e rewa pai, ka whakakorea ai te kaha horoi o te hopi.
2. Ngā Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (ABS)
Te konutai alkylbenzene sulfonate (RC)6H6-SONa) he matū horoi anionic nui. He pai te wairewatanga ki te wai, ā, tata tonu te ionization. He tino teitei te wairewatanga o ōna tote konupūmā me te konupora, ā, he tino ātete ki te wai mārō. I roto i ngā alkylbenzene sulfonates, ko te linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) te mea e tu ana mō tōna utu iti, tōna kaha ki te horoi, tōna ngāwari ki te pirau, me tōna āhua pai ki te taiao. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, kāore he atu matū horoi e whakamahia ana hei kai hopi hopi e taea te whakataetae ki te LAS i roto i te mahi hangarau me ngā painga ōhanga, e whiwhi ana i te ingoa hei pou tuara o te umanga hopi hopi hangai o te ao. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia i roto i ngā hopi hopi ahumahi me te whare. Ko ngā hua matua ko te sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate me te mahi horoi tino pai, me te sodium octadecyl benzene sulfonate, e tuku ana i te hopi hopi tino kaha i roto i te raupapa sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate.
3. α-Ngā Sulfonate Olefin (AOS)
He matū hopi horoi ringa te AOS, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā hopi horoi ringa, ngā hopi horoi makawe, ngā kaukau mirumiru, ngā hopi horoi rihi, ngā hopi horoi ahumahi me ngā paura horoi kakahu.
4. Ngā Sulfonates Methyl Ester Waikawa Ngako (MES)
I roto i tōna hanganga ngota, ko te R e pā ana ki ngā rōpū alkyl, ā, ko te R' e tohu ana i ngā rōpū methyl. Mō te horoi, ko ngā mekameka alkyl o C16 me C18 te mea tino pai, ko ngā mekameka alkyl C14 ia e tuku ana i te ātete wai mārō pai rawa atu. I ahu mai i ngā hinu me ngā ngako tūturu, he matū horoi te MES me te kaha horoi whakamiharo me te kaha tohatoha hopi konupūmā. He tino hototahi ki ngā zeolite, he mea tino pai mō te hanga paura horoi kākahu kore-phosphate. Ko tōna kaha tohatoha hopi konupūmā he nui ake i te LAS, e whakahaere ana i te hanga me te tono o te hopi matū me ngā paura horoi kākahu e hangai ana ki te hopi.
5. Ngā Ngāwhā Waipiro Ngako (AS) me ngā Ngāwhā Waipiro Ngako Etera (AES)
E whai ana a AS i te tauira whānui ROSO₃Na; ka tukuna e ngā mekameka me te R = C14~C16 te hopi pai. Ko te tātai whānui o te AES ko RO(C2H4O)nSO₃Na, me R = C14~C15 me n = 1–2 e whakarato ana i te mahi horoi tino pai. He tino pai te pirau o te AS me te AES, he kaha te horoi me te kaha ki te pahuka, e pai ai mō ngā hanganga hopi hopi pahuka nui. Ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā hopi horoi ngawari, huruhuru hipi rānei, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā kaukau mirumiru, ngā hopi makawe, ngā mea whakapaipai, ngā wai horoi rihi ringa, ngā kai horoi huawhenua me ngā hopi horoi whare.
Tuarua.Ngā Kaihoroi Kore-Ionic
He tino pai te horoi a ngā matū horoi kore-ionic ki ngā paru hinuhinu, ā, he kaha te mahi ārai-whakarewa mō ngā muka hangai. He tino ātete hoki ki te wai mārō me ngā electrolytes kukū-teitei. Ko te painga nui o ngā matū horoi kore-ionic polyoxyethylene kei roto i te hanganga whakarerekē o ō rātou wāhanga hydrophobic me hydrophilic. Mā te whakarerekē i te tatau waeine ethylene oxide (EO), ka taea te whakarite mō ngā momo papa hei whakarato i te horoi tino pai.
1. Ngā Etera Waipiro Alkyl Polyoxyethylene
Tātai whānui: RO(C2H4O)nH, ko R te tohu o ngā rōpū alkyl mai i C12 ki C18 ā, ka taea te whakarerekē i te n. He pai ake te mahi horoi o ēnei matū, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei: he iti te kukū micelle whakahirahira (cmc), e āhei ai te horoi kaha ahakoa i ngā kukū iti, he kaha horoi kaha, me ngā āhuatanga ārai-paru i te horoinga o ngā muka hangai. Hei tāpiri, he pai te mahi horoi pāmahana iti. Ka puta mai he rite ki te whakapiri mā ki te kōwhai mārama i te pāmahana taiao, ka rewa ki te wai, ā, ka whakarato i ngā kaha whakaemulsifying, horoi me te mākū. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā hopi horoi whare, ngā horoi ahumahi me ngā tango hinu whakarewa.
2. Ngā Etera Alkylphenol Polyoxyethylene
I roto i tā rātou tauira ngota, ko te R e pā ana ki ngā rōpū octyl, nonyl me te dodecyl, me te uara n ka taea te whakarerekē. He mea motuhake rātou nā te kaha tango hinu me te ngako whakamiharo. Ko ngā hua arumoni noa ko te raupapa OP, te raupapa OPE me te raupapa SOPE. He kaha te ātete ki te waikawa me te kawakore me te ātete ki te wai mārō, me ngā mahi horoi, whakamakuku me te whakaemulsifying mō ngā wai tukatuka whakarewa me ngā kaihoko horoi ahumahi.
3.Ngā Porakakurukoti Āriki(APG)
E mōhiotia ana ngā alkyl polyglucosides hei whakatupuranga hou o ngā surfactants kore-ionic o te ao.
Ngā Painga o te APG:
He nui te ngohe ā-mata, ā, he tino iti te kukū o te mata;
Kāore he ira kapua, ā, he pumau te mahi i ngā pāmahana tiketike;
He tino pai te hopi horoi, he nui te kaha ki te pahuka, he pai te kaha ki te whakamakuku/whakapūhui me te pumau o te marara;
Kāore he paitini, he ngawari te riri o te kiri, ā, he pai ake te pirau ki te whakataurite ki ngā wāhanga surfactant katoa (ngā kaha matua me ngā āhuatanga).
Nā ēnei āhuatanga kua whakahuatia ake nei, kua tino rongonui a APG puta noa i ngā rāngai maha tae atu ki te hanga hopi horoi, te whakapaipai, te tukatuka kai me te hanga rongoā. Heoi anō, nā te ngāwari o te horoi me te kore e miro, he mea tino pai mō ngā wai horoi rihi me ngā wai horoi pounamu.
Kei raro nei ngā whakamahinga matua o te APG i roto i ngā hanganga hopi horoi:
Ngā hopi horoi kaukau me te tiaki makawe: He ngawari ngā hanganga i hangaia i runga i te APG, ā, kāore e whakapataritari i te kiri, ka puta he pahuka momona, he pai hoki, ā, ka puta he pānga ārai-pūmau i te wā e horoi ana i te makawe. Ko ngā hua whakamutunga he wai te nuinga, ā, ka taea hoki te tukatuka hei paera hopi.
Wai horoi rihi: Ko ngā wai horoi rihi APG e tuku ana i te mahi pahuka pumau, he ngawari te hototahi ki te kiri, he maeneene te pa ki te ringa i muri i te whakamahinga, he ngawari ki te horoi, ā, kāore he tohu e toe ana.
Ngā hopi horoi kakahu: Ka tukuna e te APG he hopi horoi tino pai i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga horoi kakahu, he pai mō te horoi i ngā momo papanga katoa pēnei i te miro, te huruhuru hipi me te polyester. Ka tangohia e ia ngā paru paru me te hinu, me te whakarato i te ngawari o te papanga, ngā āhuatanga ārai-pūmau me te ārai-mimiti. Ka taea hoki te hanga hei hopi horoi kakahu e pupuri ana i te kaha o te horoi i roto i te wai mārō.
Ngā kaihoroi mata mārō: Haunga te horoi rihi, ka taea te hanga APG mō te horoi i ētahi atu mata mārō. Hei wāhanga hohe, ka taea te whakakotahi hei hopi horoi mō ngā taiao waikawa kaha, ka ārai anō hoki i te waikura me te waikura waikawa o ngā konganuku ferrous.
He pai, he kino hoki ngā utu hiko o roto i te hanganga ngota. Nā tēnei āhuatanga hanganga ahurei, e whakaatu ana i ēnei āhuatanga tono: he iti te paitini, he ngawari te riri ki te kiri me ngā kanohi, he tino pai te pirau me te hototahi ki ētahi atu matū horoi, tae atu ki te mahi whakamakuku, horoi me te pahuka pai. Ko ngā momo matua e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hopi horoi kua whakarōpūtia penei:
1. Ngā Kaiwhakaora Waikawa Amino N-Acyl
He rauemi matua ēnei mō ngā hopi horoi me ngā kai horoi, ā, he ātete ki ngā waikawa ngoikore me te wai mārō. Ko ētahi tauira ko ngā N-acyl oligopeptide carboxylates me te Remipol A (613 hopi horoi, sodium oleoyl peptide carboxylate).
Ka hangaia te Remipol A mā te tauhohenga whakapūpū i waenga i te waikawa ngako pūhaumāota me ngā oligopeptides i ahu mai i te waikura pūmua. He iti te riri me te iti o te paitini, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā hanganga whakapaipai. He kaha tōna kaha ki te hora i te hopi raima, te horoi me te kaha ki te whakapūpū. I roto i te umanga kakahu, he hopi horoi me te whakapūpū; nā te ngoikore o tana mahi tango hinu, he mea tino pai mō te horoi i ngā kakahu hiraka me te huruhuru hipi.
2. Ngā Kaiwhakaora Amphoteric Momo Betaine
He tino pai te hopi horoi a ngā betaine amphoteric surfactants ki ngā papanga miro me ngā papanga polyester/miro kua whakaranua, ā, he tino pai ngā painga o ngā hydroxy sulfobetaines i te wā e horoi ana.
Hei tauira, ko te dodecyldimethyl betaine: he wai mārama, he kore tae, he kōwhai mā, he āhua kationika i roto i ngā wai waikawa, ā, he āhua anionic i roto i ngā wai kawakore, ā, he ngāwari te pirau. He tino pai te mahi pahuka, ā, he whakangawari i te makawe, ka waiho hei rauemi matua mō ngā hopi horoi makawe ngawari me ngā hua tiaki makawe pēpi. Nā tōna ātete kaha ki te wai mārō, ka whakamahia hei hanga i ngā hopi horoi e hototahi ana ki te wai mārō, ā, ka taea hoki te mahi hei patu huakita.
Te wā tuku: Hōngongoi-02-2026