Ukuthintelaizinto ezibangela ukudumbayipropati yabo esisiseko enezona zicelo zibanzi nezisebenzayo. Inxulumene kakhulu nobomi bemihla ngemihla beentsapho ezingenakubalwa kwaye ikwasetyenziswa ngakumbi kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kunye namacandelo ahlukeneyo emveliso yemizi-mveliso.
Ii-surfactants zisebenza njengezithako eziphambili ezisebenzayo kwiisepha; iisepha zokwenziwa bezingenakubakho ngaphandle kwee-surfactants. Phakathi kwazo zonke iindidi zee-surfactants (SAA), ii-surfactants ze-anionic bezizezokuqala ukusetyenziswa ngabantu kwaye zihlala ziluhlobo olusetyenziswa kakhulu, okwangoku zibala ngaphezulu kwe-50% yemfuno iyonke yemarike.
I. Ii-Anionic Surfactants
Iintlobo eziphambili ze-anionic surfactants ezisetyenziswa kwiisepha ziquka ii-fatty acid salts (isepha), i-alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), i-fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfates (AES),α-olefin sulfonates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), kunye fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES).
1. Isepha
Inxalenye esebenzayo kumphezulu weemolekyuli zesepha inetshaja engalunganga, kunye neetyuwa zesodium kunye nepotassium ze-long-chain fatty acids ezimalunga ne-25%. Le sepha isetyenziswa kakhulu inezibonelelo zezinto eziluhlaza ezininzi, ukulungiswa okulula kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. Kwimizi-mveliso, ngokubanzi iveliswa ngokufaka amafutha anjenge-beef tallow kunye namafutha egusha nge-alkalis enamandla, kulandele ukugalela ityuwa ukuze kwahlulwe i-glycerol. Ingxaki yayo enkulu kukuba xa ivezwa kwii-ion zesinyithi ze-divalent kunye ne-trivalent kuquka i-Ca.2+, Mg2+ kunye neFe2+ Kwizisombululo zamanzi, yenza isepha ye-calcium enganyibilikiyo kakuhle okanye isepha ye-magnesium, nto leyo ephelisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwesepha.
2. I-Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (ABS)
I-Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (RC)6H6-SONa) yi-anionic surfactant ebalulekileyo. Inokunyibilika kakuhle emanzini kwaye iphantse ibe yi-ionization epheleleyo. Iityuwa zayo ze-calcium kunye ne-magnesium zinyibilika kakhulu emanzini, nto leyo eyinika ukumelana okuhle kwamanzi aqinileyo. Phakathi kwe-alkylbenzene sulfonate, i-linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) ihlukile ngexabiso layo eliphantsi, i-detergent enamandla, ukubola lula kunye nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho enye i-surfactant esetyenziswa njengezithako ezisebenzayo zesepha enokuthelekiswa ne-LAS ekusebenzeni kobugcisa kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho, ifumana udumo njengomqolo weshishini lesepha elenziweyo lehlabathi. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zemizi-mveliso nezasekhaya. Iimveliso ezimeleyo ziquka i-sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate enobuchule bokuhlamba obugqwesileyo, kunye ne-sodium octadecyl benzene sulfonate, enikezela i-detergent enamandla kakhulu kuthotho lwe-sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate.
3. α-Olefin Sulfonates (AOS)
I-AOS sisithako esisebenzayo sesepha esisebenza kakuhle, esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicoci zezandla, kwiishampu, kwiibhafu zamaqamza, kwiisepha zokuhlamba izitya, kwiimveliso zokucoca kunye neempuphu zokuhlamba impahla.
4. I-Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES)
Kwisakhiwo sayo semolekyuli, i-R ibhekisa kumaqela e-alkyl kwaye i-R' imele amaqela e-methyl. Kwi-detergent, imixokelelwane ye-alkyl ye-C16 kunye ne-C18 ilungile, ngelixa imixokelelwane ye-alkyl ye-C14 inika ukumelana okungcono kwamanzi aqinileyo. Ivela kwiioyile zendalo kunye namafutha, i-MES yi-surfactant enekhono lokuhlamba elimangalisayo kunye namandla aqinileyo okusasaza isepha ye-calcium. Ibonisa ukuhambelana okuhle kakhulu ne-zeolites, okwenza ukuba ilungele ukwenziwa komgubo wokuhlamba ongena-phosphate. Amandla ayo okusasaza isepha ye-calcium adlula kakhulu lawo e-LAS, okwenza kube lula ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwesepha edibeneyo kunye nemixokelelwane yokuhlamba esekwe kwisepha.
5. Ii-Fatty Alcohol Sulfates (AS) kunye nee-Fatty Alcohol Ether Sulfates (AES)
I-AS ilandela ifomula ngokubanzi i-ROSO₃Na; iitsheyini ezine-R = C14~C16 zibonelela nge-detergent efanelekileyo. I-AES inefomula eqhelekileyo i-RO(C2H4O)nSO₃Na, kunye no-R = C14~C15 kunye no-n = 1–2 zibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kokuhlamba. Zombini i-AS kunye ne-AES zinobuboli obuhle kakhulu, zinamandla okucoca kunye nokukwazi okuphezulu kokwenza amagwebu, nto leyo ezenza zifaneleke kwiifomyula zesepha ezine-foam ephezulu. Zisebenza kwiisepha zokunyamekela okanye zoboya, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiibhafu zamaqamza, kwiishampu zeenwele, kwizinto zokuthambisa, kwiilwelo zokuhlamba izitya ngesandla, kwii-cleaners zemifuno nakwiisepha zasekhaya.
II.Ii-Surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic
Ii-surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic zibonisa ukucoca okugqwesileyo kwimihlaba enamafutha kunye nokusebenza okunamandla kokuchasana nokuphinda kubekwe kwakhona kwimicu yokwenziwa. Zikwanokumelana okubalaseleyo namanzi aqinileyo kunye nee-electrolytes ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Eyona nzuzo iphambili yee-surfactants ze-polyoxyethylene ezingezizo ii-ionic zikwisakhiwo esihlengahlengiswayo seendawo zazo ezisebenzisa amanzi abandayo kunye namanzi abandayo. Ngokutshintsha inani leeyunithi ze-ethylene oxide (EO), zinokulungiswa kwii-substrates ezahlukeneyo ukuze zinikeze ukucoca okufanelekileyo.
1. Ii-Ethers zePolyoxyethylene Alkyl Alcohol
Ifomula ngokubanzi: RO(C2H4O)nH, apho u-R emele amaqela e-alkyl ukusuka ku-C12 ukuya ku-C18 kwaye i-n iyalungiseka. Ezi khompawundi zibonisa umsebenzi ophezulu wokuhlamba obonakala kwezi zinto zilandelayo: uxinano oluphantsi lwe-micelle (cmc), oluvumela ukucoca okunamandla nokuba kumanqanaba aphantsi, amandla okucoca anamandla, kunye neempawu zokulwa nokuguqulwa komhlaba xa kuhlanjwa iifayibha ezenziweyo. Ukongeza, zibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kokuhlamba kubushushu obuphantsi. Zibonakala zimhlophe ukuya kwi-pastes emthubi okhanyayo kubushushu obuphakathi, zinyibilike emanzini, kwaye zibonelela ngezakhono zokuxuba, ukucoca kunye nokumanzisa. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zasekhaya, kwii-cleaners zamashishini nakwi-degreasers zesinyithi.
2. Ii-Ether zePolyoxyethylene Alkylphenol
Kwifomula yabo yemolekyuli, i-R ibhekisa kakhulu kumaqela e-octyl, i-nonyl kunye ne-dodecyl, anexabiso elihlengahlengiswayo le-n. Ahlulwe ngamandla okususa ioyile kunye negrisi amangalisayo. Iimveliso eziqhelekileyo zorhwebo ziquka uthotho lwe-OP, uthotho lwe-OPE kunye nothotho lwe-SOPE. Zine-acid enamandla kunye nokumelana ne-alkali kunye nokunyamezelana namanzi aqinileyo, kunye nemisebenzi edibeneyo yokucoca, ukumanzisa kunye nokuxubha ulwelo lokucubungula isinyithi kunye neearhente zokucoca imboni.
3.IiAlkyl Polyglucosides(APG)
Ii-alkyl polyglucosides zibonwa njengesizukulwana esitsha see-surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic ezikumgangatho wehlabathi.
Iingenelo ze-APG:
Umsebenzi ophezulu wokunxibelelana kobuso kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi kakhulu lomphezulu;
Akukho ndawo ilifu kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu;
Ukucoca okugqwesileyo, amandla amaninzi okukhupha igwebu, amandla aphezulu okumanzisa/ukuxuba kunye nozinzo lokusasazwa;
Ayinatyhefu, ayivuthisi ulusu kancinci kwaye ayiboli kakuhle xa ithelekiswa nazo zonke iindidi ze-surfactant ezikhoyo (amandla kunye neempawu eziphambili).
Ngenxa yezi zinto zikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, i-APG ifumene udumo olukhulu kumacandelo amaninzi aquka ukwenziwa kweesepha, izinto zokuthambisa, ukucubungula ukutya kunye nokuveliswa kwamayeza. Ngaphezu koko, iipropati zayo zokuhlamba ngokulula kunye nokungabi namigca zenza ukuba ifaneleke ngakumbi kwiilwelo zokuhlamba izitya kunye nezicoci zeebhotile.
Iimeko eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwe-APG kwimixube yesepha zidweliswe ngezantsi:
Izicoci zokuhlamba neenwele: Iifomyula ezisekelwe kwi-APG zithambile kwaye azicaphukisi ulusu, zivelisa igwebu elincinci kwaye zinika iziphumo ezichasene nokunganyangeki ngexesha lokuhlamba ngeshampu. Iimveliso zokugqibela zilulwelo kwaye zinokucutshungulwa zibe ziibha zesepha.
Ulwelo lokuhlamba izitya: Ulwelo lokuhlamba izitya olusekwe kwi-APG lubonelela ngokusebenza okuzinzileyo kokwenza igwebu, ukuhambelana kakuhle nolusu, ukuthamba kwesandla emva kokusetyenziswa, ukuhlanjwa lula kwaye akukho zimpawu zishiyekileyo.
Iisepha zokuhlamba impahla: I-APG inika ulwelo olubalaseleyo kwiifomyula zokuhlamba impahla, ezifanelekileyo ukucoca zonke iintlobo zamalaphu afana nomqhaphu, uboya kunye ne-polyester. Isusa ngokufanelekileyo amabala odaka kunye neoyile ngelixa inika ukuthamba kwelaphu, iimpawu zokulwa nokunganyakazi kunye nokunganciphi. Ingakhiwa kwakhona ibe ziisepha zokuhlamba impahla ezigcina ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca emanzini aqinileyo.
Izicoci zomphezulu oqinileyo: Ngaphandle kokucoca izitya, i-APG inokwenziwa ukucoca ezinye iindawo eziqinileyo. Njengesithako esisebenzayo, inokuhlanganiswa ibe ziisepha zeendawo ezine-asidi eninzi, apho ikwathintela ukubola kunye nokubola kwe-asidi kwiintsimbi zentsimbi.
Ulwakhiwo lwazo lweemolekyuli lunemirhumo yombane emihle nengalunganga. Ngenxa yolu phawu lukhethekileyo lolwakhiwo, zibonisa ezi mpawu zilandelayo zokusetyenziswa: ubuthi obuphantsi, ukurhawuzelelwa okuncinci kulusu namehlo, ukubola kakuhle kwebhayoloji kunye nokuhambelana nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokumanzisa, ukucoca kunye nokwenza amagwebu. Iindidi eziphambili ezisetyenziswa kwiisepha zihlulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1. Ii-Surfactants ze-N-Acyl Amino Acid
Zisebenza njengezinto eziphambili zeshampu kunye neearhente zokucoca, kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nee-asidi ezibuthathaka kunye namanzi aqinileyo. Imizekelo emeleyo ibandakanya ii-carboxylates ze-N-acyl oligopeptide kunye ne-Remipol A (i-detergent engu-613, i-sodium oleoyl peptide carboxylate).
I-Remipol A yenziwa nge-condensation reaction phakathi kwe-fatty acid chloride kunye ne-oligopeptides ezivela kwi-protein hydrolysis. Inokurhawuzelelwa okuncinci kunye netyhefu ephantsi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba isetyenziswe kwi-cosmetic formulations. Ibonisa amandla amakhulu okusasaza isepha yelayisi, ukucoca kunye namandla okuxuba. Kwishishini lempahla, isebenza njengesicoci kunye ne-emulsifier; ukusebenza kwayo okubuthathaka kokususa amafutha kwenza ukuba ilungele ukuhlamba amalaphu esilika kunye noboya.
2. Ii-Amphoteric Surfactants zohlobo lweBetaine
Ii-surfactants ze-Betaine amphoteric zibonelela ngokucoca okugqwesileyo kwilaphu lomqhaphu kunye nelaphu elixutywe yi-polyester/cotton, kunye ne-hydroxy sulfobetaines ebonisa iingenelo ezibalaseleyo ngexesha leenkqubo zokuhlamba impahla.
Umzekelo, cinga nge-dodecyldimethyl betaine: ikhona njengolwelo olungenambala ukuya kolutyheli olukhanyayo, olusebenza njenge-cationic kwi-acidic media nakwi-anionic kwi-alkaline media, kwaye ibola ngokulula. Isebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuphuzeni amagwebu kwaye ithambisa iinwele, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwiishampu ezithambileyo kunye neemveliso zokhathalelo lweenwele zeentsana. Ngenxa yokumelana kwayo namanzi aqinileyo, isetyenziselwa ukwenza izicoci ezihambelana namanzi aqinileyo, kwaye ingasebenza njenge-bactericide.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-02-2026