Kudzivirira kwezvinhu zvinoshandisa masurfactantndiyo pfuma yavo huru ine mashandisirwo akawanda anoshanda. Yakabatana zvakanyanya nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemhuri dzisingaverengeki uye iri kuramba ichishandiswa munzvimbo dzese dzehupenyu uye muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzira maindasitiri.
MaSurfactant anoshanda sezvinhu zvikuru zvinoshanda mu sipo; sipo dzekugadzira hadzina kuwanikwa pasina maSurfactant. Pakati pemhando dzese dzemaSurfactant (SAA), maSurfactant eanionic ndiwo akatanga kushandiswa nevanhu uye anoramba ari iwo anonyanya kushandiswa, parizvino achitora chikamu chinodarika 50% chehuwandu hwese hunodiwa pamusika.
I. Anionic Surfactants
Mhando huru dze anionic surfactants dzinoshandiswa mu detergents dzinosanganisira fatty acid salts (sipo), alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfates (AES),α-olefin sulfonates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), uye fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES).
1. Sipo
Chikamu chesipo chinoshanda pamusoro pemvura chine chaji isina kunaka, ine sodium nepotassium salts ye long-chain fatty acids inosvika 25%. Sipo iyi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya ine mabhenefiti ekushandisa zvinhu zvakawanda, kugadzirira kuri nyore uye mutengo wakaderera. Mumaindasitiri, inowanzo gadzirwa nemafuta anonhuhwirira akadai se beef tallow ne mutton fat ne alkalis yakasimba, ichiteverwa ne salt out kuti iparadzanise glycerol. Dambudziko rayo guru nderekuti kana yaiswa mu divalent ne trivalent metal ions kusanganisira Ca.2+, Mg2+ naFe2+ Mumvura inobuda, inogadzira sipo yecalcium isinganyunguduke zvakanaka kana sipo yemagnesium, izvo zvinobvisa kusvibiswa kwesipo.
2. Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (ABS)
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (RC)6H6-SONa) chinhu chakakosha cheanionic surfactant. Chine mvura inonyunguduka zvakanaka uye chinosvika pakuiswa kweion yakakwana. Munyu wayo wecalcium nemagnesium une mvura yakawanda, zvichiita kuti irambe yakasimba mumvura. Pakati pealkylbenzene sulfonate, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) inoonekwa seyakachipa, ine simba rekuchenesa, inoora nyore nyore uye ine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana chimwe chinhu chinoshandiswa se detergent chinogona kukwikwidzana neLAS mukushanda kwayo kwehunyanzvi uye mabhenefiti ehupfumi, zvichiiwana mukurumbira semusana weindasitiri yepasi rose yekugadzira detergent. Inonyanya kushandiswa mumaindasitiri nema detergent epamba. Zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate ine simba rekuwachisa, uye sodium octadecyl benzene sulfonate, iyo inopa detergent yakasimba mukati me sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate series.
3. α-Olefin Sulfonates (AOS)
AOS chinhu chinobvisa tsvina chinoshanda zvakanyanya, chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuchenesa maoko, shampoo, mabhati emvura, sipo dzekusuka ndiro, michina yekuchenesa yeindasitiri uye upfu hwekuwachira mbatya.
4. Mafuta Ane Acid Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES)
Muchimiro chayo chemamorekuru, R inoreva mapoka ealkyl uye R' inomiririra mapoka emethyl. Kune detergent, alkyl chains yeC16 neC18 ndiyo yakanaka, nepo C14 alkyl chains ichipa simba rakanakisa rekudzivirira mvura yakaoma. Inobva mumafuta echisikigo nemafuta, MES imushonga wekuwachisa une simba guru rekuparadzanisa sipo yecalcium. Inoratidza kushanda zvakanaka ne zeolites, zvichiita kuti ive yakanaka pakugadzira upfu hwekuwachisa husina phosphate. Simba rayo rekuwachisa sipo yecalcium rinopfuura kure neLAS, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira nekushandisa sipo yakagadzirwa nesipo nehupfu hwekuwachisa hwakagadzirwa nesipo.
5. Mafuta Ane Alcohol Sulfates (AS) uye Mafuta Ane Ether Sulfates (AES)
AS inotevera fomura yakajairika yeROSO₃Na; cheni dzine R = C14~C16 dzinopa detergent yakanaka. AES ine fomura yakajairika RO(C)2H4O)nSO₃Na, na R = C14~C15 uye n = 1–2 inopa kushanda kwakanaka kwekuwachisa. AS neAES zvese zvine kugona kuora kwemuviri, simba rekuchenesa uye kugona kuburitsa furo, zvichiita kuti zvikodzere kushandiswa mukugadzira sipo ine furo rakawanda. Inoshanda kumasipo ekuchenesa akapfava kana emvere, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumabhati ekugeza, shampoo dzebvudzi, zvizoro, mvura yekugeza ndiro nemaoko, mishonga yekuchenesa miriwo uye sipo dzemumba.
II.Zvisiri zveionic surfactants
Ma-surfactant eNonionic anodzivirira ivhu rine mafuta uye anodzivirira kusvibiswa kwemafuta ekugadzira. Ane simba guru rekudzivirira kusvibiswa nemvura yakaoma uye ma electrolyte ane concentration yakawanda. Chinhu chikuru chinobatsira ma-surfactant epolyoxyethylene nonionic chiri muchimiro chinogadziriswa chezvikamu zvavo zve hydrophobic uye hydrophilic. Nekugadzirisa huwandu hweyuniti ye ethylene oxide (EO), anogona kugadzirwa kuti ashandiswe muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kuti abvise tsvina yakakwana.
1. Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Alcohol Ethers
Fomura yakajairika: RO(C)2H4O)nH, apo R inomiririra mapoka ealkyl kubva kuC12 kuna C18 uye n inogadziriswa. Mishonga iyi ine basa rekuwachisa rakanaka rinoonekwa muzvinhu zvinotevera: low critical micelle concentration (cmc), iyo inoita kuti pave nekushambidzika kwakasimba kunyangwe paine huwandu hwakaderera, simba rekuchenesa rakasimba, uye hunhu hwekudzivirira ivhu pakusuka machira ekugadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, inopa kushanda kwakanaka kwekusuka patembiricha yakaderera. Inotaridzika semapundu machena kusvika eyero patembiricha yekunze, inonyungudika mumvura, uye inopa kugona kwe emulsifying, kuchenesa uye kunyorovesa. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu sipo dzemumba, mukuchenesa maindasitiri uye mu degreaser dzesimbi.
2. Polyoxyethylene Alkylphenol Ethers
Mufomura yavo yemamorekuru, R inonyanya kureva mapoka eoctyl, nonyl uye dodecyl, ane huwandu hwen hunogadziriswa. Anosiyaniswa nekukwanisa kukuru kwekubvisa mafuta nemafuta. Zvigadzirwa zvekutengeserana zvakajairika zvinosanganisira OP series, OPE series uye SOPE series. Ane simba rekudzivirira acid nealkali pamwe nekushivirira mvura yakaoma, ane mabasa ekubatanidza detergent, wetting uye emulsifying e steel processing fluids uye ma industrial cleansing agents.
3.Alkyl Polyglucosides(APG)
MaAlkyl polyglucosides anozivikanwa sechizvarwa chitsva chezvishandiso zvepasi rose zve nonionic surfactants.
Mabhenefiti eAPG:
Kushanda kwakanyanya kwepaface uye kushushikana kwepadenga kwakaderera zvakanyanya;
Hapana nzvimbo yegore uye kushanda kwakasimba pakupisa kwakanyanya;
Kuchenesa kwakanaka kwazvo, simba guru rekuburitsa furo, kugona kunyorovesa/kusanganisa mvura zvakanyanya uye kugadzikana kwekupararira;
Haisi chepfu, ganda rinotsamwisa zvishoma uye rinoora zvakanyanya kana tichienzanisa nemarudzi ese esurfactant aripo (simba guru uye hunhu).
Nekuda kwezvakanaka zvataurwa pamusoro apa, APG yave nemukurumbira wakanaka muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira kugadzira sipo, zvizoro, kugadzira chikafu uye kugadzira mishonga. Uyezve, kugona kwayo kusukurudza zviri nyore uye kusina mitsetse kunoita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa muzvinwiwa zvekusuka ndiro uye muzvichenese mabhodhoro.
Maitiro makuru ekushandisa APG mukugadzira sipo akanyorwa pazasi:
Sipo dzekugezesa nedzekuchenesa bvudzi: Mishonga yakagadzirwa neAPG haina kunyorova uye haitsamwisi ganda, ichiburitsa furo rakanaka uye ine simba rekudzivirira ganda kubva pakushambidza ganda. Zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira zvinonyanya kuva mvura uye zvinogonawo kugadzirwa kuita sipo.
Zvinwiwa zvinosuka ndiro: Zvinwiwa zvinosuka ndiro zvakagadzirwa neAPG zvinopa furo rakagadzikana, ganda rinoenderana zvakanaka, ruoko runonyorova mushure mekushandisa, zviri nyore kusukurudza uye hapana mavanga akasara.
Sipo dzekuwachira: APG inopa hunyoro hwakanaka mumhando dzemachira ekuwachira, yakakodzera kuchenesa marudzi ese emachira akadai sedonje, mvere dzemakwai nepolyester. Inobvisa madota nemafuta zvinobudirira uku ichipa kupfava kwemachira, hunhu hwekudzivirira kusimba uye hunodzivirira kudonha. Inogona zvakare kugadzirwa kuita sipo dzekuwachira dzinochengetedza kushanda kwakasimba kwekuchenesa mumvura yakaoma.
Zvishandiso zvekuchenesa zvinhu zvakaoma: Kunze kwekuchenesa ndiro, APG inogona kugadzirwa kuchenesa dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaoma. Sechinhu chinoshanda, inogona kusanganiswa kuita sipo dzenzvimbo dzine acid yakawanda, uko inodzivirirawo oxidation uye ngura yesimbi dzesimbi.
III.Mishonga yeAmphoteric Surfactants
Maumbirwo adzo emamorekuru ane simba remagetsi rakanaka nerisina kunaka. Nekuda kwechimiro ichi chakasiyana, dzinoratidza hunhu hunotevera hwekushandiswa: hune chepfu shoma, kushatirwa kudiki paganda nemaziso, kuora kwakanaka uye kuenderana nemamwe masurfactants, pamwe nekunyorovesa, kuchenesa uye kuita furo zvakanaka. Mhando huru dzinoshandiswa mu sipo dzakarongwa seizvi:
1. Zvishandiso zveN-Acyl Amino Acid Surfactants
Inoshanda sezvinhu zvakakosha zvekushandisa shampoos uye mishonga yekuchenesa, inodzivirira acids dzisina simba nemvura yakaoma. Mienzaniso inosanganisira N-acyl oligopeptide carboxylates uye Remipol A (613 detergent, sodium oleoyl peptide carboxylate).
Remipol A inogadzirwa kuburikidza nekuita kwemvura inodziya pakati pemafuta acid chloride neoligopeptides inobva mu protein hydrolysis. Ine kushatirwa kushoma uye chepfu shoma, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe mu cosmetic formulations. Inoratidza simba guru rekupararira kwesipo ye lime, detergent uye emulsifying. Muindasitiri yemachira, inoshanda se sipo uye emulsifier; kusasimba kwayo kwekubvisa mafuta kunoita kuti ive yakanaka pakusuka machira esiriki nemvere dzemakwai.
2. Mishonga yeBetaine-Type Amphoteric Surfactants
Betaine amphoteric surfactants inopa hunyoro hwakanaka pamachira edonje uye machira akasanganiswa nepolyester/donje, uye hydroxy sulfobetaines inoratidza zvakanakira zvikuru panguva yekuwacha.
Semuenzaniso, dodecyldimethyl betaine: iripo semvura inopenya isina ruvara kana yero yakachenuruka, ichiita seyakasanganiswa neacidic uye ine anionic mualkaline, uye inogona kuora nyore nyore. Inoita zvakanaka pakuburitsa furo uye inonyorovesa bvudzi, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chikuru chekugadzira shampoos dzinogadzirisa bvudzi zvakanaka uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza bvudzi revana. Nekuda kwekusapinda kwayo mumvura, inoshandiswa kugadzira sipo dzinoenderana nemvura yakaoma, uye inogonawo kushanda semushonga unouraya bhakitiriya.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-02-2026