Qhov kev ntxuav ntawmcov tshuaj surfactantsyog lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb nrog rau kev siv dav tshaj plaws. Nws muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub neej txhua hnub ntawm ntau tsev neeg thiab kuj tau txais kev siv ntau ntxiv thoob plaws txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub neej thiab ntau yam kev lag luam tsim khoom.
Cov tshuaj surfactants ua cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes; cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws yuav tsis muaj nyob yog tsis muaj cov tshuaj surfactants. Ntawm txhua pawg ntawm cov tshuaj surfactants (SAA), cov tshuaj anionic surfactants yog thawj zaug uas tib neeg siv thiab tseem yog hom siv dav tshaj plaws, tam sim no suav txog ntau dua 50% ntawm tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam.
I. Cov Tshuaj Anionic Surfactants
Cov hom anionic surfactants tseem ceeb siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav xws li fatty acid ntsev (xab npum), alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfates (AES),α-olefin sulfonates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), thiab fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES).
1. Xab npum
Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes uas ua haujlwm ntawm saum npoo av muaj qhov them tsis zoo, nrog rau cov ntsev sodium thiab potassium ntawm cov roj fatty acids ntev uas suav txog kwv yees li 25%. Cov xab npum no siv dav dav muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntau, kev npaj yooj yim thiab tus nqi qis. Hauv kev lag luam, nws feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev saponifying cov rog xws li nqaij nyuj tallow thiab nqaij yaj rog nrog cov alkalis muaj zog, ua raws li kev ntsev tawm kom cais glycerol. Nws qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws yog tias thaum raug rau divalent thiab trivalent hlau ions suav nrog Ca2+, Mg2+ thiab Fe2+ hauv cov kua dej, nws tsim cov xab npum calcium uas tsis yaj zoo lossis xab npum magnesium, uas tshem tawm cov tshuaj ntxuav ntawm xab npum.
2. Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (ABS)
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (RC)6H6-SONa) yog ib qho tshuaj anionic surfactant tseem ceeb heev. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo solubility hauv dej thiab yuav luag tag nrho ionization. Nws cov ntsev calcium thiab magnesium muaj cov dej solubility siab, ua rau nws tiv taus dej tawv zoo heev. Ntawm cov alkylbenzene sulfonates, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) sawv tawm rau nws tus nqi qis, muaj zog ntxuav, yooj yim biodegradability thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig. Txog niaj hnub no, tsis muaj lwm yam surfactant siv ua cov khoom xyaw nquag ntxuav tuaj yeem sib tw LAS hauv kev ua tau zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam, khwv tau nws lub koob npe nrov ua tus txha nraub qaum ntawm kev lag luam ntxuav thoob ntiaj teb. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv tsev. Cov khoom sawv cev suav nrog sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate nrog kev ua tau zoo ntxuav, thiab sodium octadecyl benzene sulfonate, uas xa cov tshuaj ntxuav muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate series.
3. α-Olefin Sulfonates (AOS)
AOS yog cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua haujlwm tau zoo, siv dav hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, tshuaj zawv plaub hau, dej da dej ua npuas dej, tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, tshuaj ntxuav kev lag luam thiab hmoov ntxhua khaub ncaws.
4. Cov roj fatty acid Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES)
Hauv nws cov qauv molecular, R yog hais txog alkyl pawg thiab R' sawv cev rau methyl pawg. Rau kev ntxuav, alkyl saw ntawm C16 thiab C18 yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thaum C14 alkyl saw muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws tiv taus dej tawv. Los ntawm cov roj thiab cov rog ntuj, MES yog ib qho surfactant nrog lub peev xwm ntxuav zoo kawg nkaus thiab muaj zog calcium xab npum dispersing zog. Nws qhia tau tias muaj kev sib raug zoo zoo nrog zeolites, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau kev tsim cov hmoov ntxhua khaub ncaws tsis muaj phosphate. Nws cov calcium xab npum dispersing peev xwm ntau dua li LAS, pab txhawb kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv cov xab npum sib xyaw thiab cov hmoov ntxhua khaub ncaws raws li xab npum.
5. Cov Tshuaj Fatty Alcohol Sulfates (AS) thiab Cov Tshuaj Fatty Alcohol Ether Sulfates (AES)
AS ua raws li cov qauv dav dav ROSO₃Na; cov saw hlau nrog R = C14 ~ C16 xa cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo. AES muaj cov mis dav dav RO (C2H4O)nSO₃Na, nrog R = C14~C15 thiab n = 1–2 muab kev ua haujlwm ntxuav zoo tshaj plaws. Ob qho tib si AS thiab AES muaj qhov zoo heev biodegradability, muaj zog ntxuav thiab muaj peev xwm ua npuas dej zoo dua, ua rau lawv haum rau cov tshuaj ntxuav ua npuas dej siab. Lawv siv tau rau cov tshuaj ntxuav mos mos lossis cov plaub hau plaub hau, thiab siv dav hauv cov dab dej ua npuas dej, tshuaj zawv plaub hau, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, tshuaj ntxuav zaub thiab tshuaj ntxuav hauv tsev.
II.Cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic
Cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic ua rau muaj kev ntxuav zoo heev rau cov av oily thiab muaj zog tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua tshiab rau cov xov hluavtaws. Lawv kuj muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau cov dej tawv thiab cov electrolytes uas muaj ntau qhov concentration. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv kho tau ntawm lawv cov hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic moieties. Los ntawm kev hloov kho cov lej ntawm ethylene oxide (EO), lawv tuaj yeem hloov kho rau ntau yam substrates kom xa cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo tshaj plaws.
1. Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Cawv Ethers
Cov mis dav dav: RO (C2H4O)nH, qhov twg R sawv cev rau cov pab pawg alkyl xws li C12 mus rau C18 thiab n yog hloov kho tau. Cov tshuaj no muaj cov dej num ntxuav zoo dua uas pom tau hauv cov hauv qab no: qhov concentration micelle qis tseem ceeb (cmc), uas ua rau muaj zog ntxuav txawm tias qhov concentration qis, muaj peev xwm ntxuav tau zoo, thiab tiv thaiv av rov qab los thaum ntxuav cov xov hluavtaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv muab kev ua haujlwm ntxuav kub qis. Lawv zoo li dawb rau daj daj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, yaj hauv dej, thiab muab cov peev xwm emulsifying, ntxuav thiab ntub dej. Lawv tau siv dav hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv tsev, cov tshuaj ntxuav kev lag luam thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav hlau.
2. Polyoxyethylene Alkylphenol Ethers
Hauv lawv cov mis molecular, R feem ntau yog hais txog octyl, nonyl thiab dodecyl pawg, nrog rau tus nqi n hloov kho tau. Lawv txawv los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm tshem tawm roj thiab roj zoo kawg nkaus. Cov khoom lag luam ib txwm muaj xws li OP series, OPE series thiab SOPE series. Lawv khav txog kev tiv taus kua qaub thiab alkali nrog rau kev tiv taus dej tawv, nrog rau kev ntxuav ua ke, ntub thiab emulsifying rau cov kua ua hlau thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntxuav kev lag luam.
3.Alkyl Polyglucosides(APG)
Alkyl polyglucosides raug lees paub tias yog ib tiam tshiab ntawm cov surfactants nonionic hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm APG:
Kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev nruj ntawm qhov chaw qis heev;
Tsis muaj huab thiab ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub siab;
Kev ntxuav zoo heev, muaj zog ua npuas dej ntau, muaj peev xwm ntub / emulsifying zoo dua thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev sib kis;
Tsis muaj tshuaj lom, ua rau khaus tawv nqaij me ntsis thiab ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj zoo dua piv rau txhua pawg surfactant uas twb muaj lawm (lub zog tseem ceeb thiab cov yam ntxwv).
Vim yog qhov zoo saum toj no, APG tau txais kev nyiam heev hauv ntau qhov chaw xws li kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, tshuaj pleev ib ce, kev ua zaub mov thiab kev tsim tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, nws yooj yim ntxuav thiab tsis muaj kab ua rau nws tsim nyog rau cov kua ntxuav tais diav thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav lub raj mis.
Cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv APG hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes yog teev hauv qab no:
Cov tshuaj ntxuav da dej thiab tshuaj ntxuav plaub hau: Cov tshuaj ua los ntawm APG tsis ua rau khaus tawv nqaij, ua rau muaj npuas dej nplua nuj thiab zoo thiab tiv thaiv hluav taws xob thaum ntxuav plaub hau. Cov khoom kawg feem ntau yog kua thiab kuj tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov xab npum.
Cov kua ntxuav tais diav: Cov kua ntxuav tais diav raws li APG muaj kev ua npuas dej ruaj khov, sib haum nrog daim tawv nqaij, xis tes tom qab siv, yooj yim yaug thiab tsis muaj cov cim tseg.
Cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws: APG muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo heev rau kev ntxuav khaub ncaws, tsim nyog rau kev ntxuav txhua hom ntaub xws li paj rwb, plaub yaj thiab polyester. Nws tshem tawm cov av nkos thiab cov roj thaum ua rau cov ntaub mos, tiv thaiv hluav taws xob thiab tiv thaiv kev ntsws. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsim los ua cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws uas tswj tau qhov kev ntxuav zoo hauv dej tawv.
Cov tshuaj ntxuav qhov chaw tawv: Tsis tas li ntawm kev ntxuav tais diav, APG tuaj yeem tsim los ntxuav lwm qhov chaw tawv. Ua ib qho khoom xyaw nquag, nws tuaj yeem sib xyaw ua cov tshuaj ntxuav rau cov chaw muaj kua qaub ntau, qhov twg nws tseem tiv thaiv kev oxidation thiab acid corrosion ntawm cov hlau ferrous.
III.Cov tshuaj amphoteric surfactants
Lawv cov qauv molecular nqa ob qho tib si hluav taws xob zoo thiab tsis zoo. Vim yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv no, lawv qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv hauv qab no: tsis muaj tshuaj lom, ua rau khaus me ntsis rau daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag, ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj zoo heev thiab sib xws nrog lwm cov surfactants, nrog rau kev ua kom ntub, ntxuav thiab ua npuas dej zoo. Cov hom tseem ceeb uas siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tau muab faib ua pawg raws li hauv qab no:
1. Cov tshuaj N-Acyl Amino Acid Surfactants
Lawv ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav, nrog rau kev tiv taus cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog thiab dej tawv. Piv txwv sawv cev suav nrog N-acyl oligopeptide carboxylates thiab Remipol A (613 detergent, sodium oleoyl peptide carboxylate).
Remipol A yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov roj fatty acid chloride thiab oligopeptides uas tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov protein hydrolysis. Nws muaj qhov tsis khaus thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom, ua rau nws siv tau rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce. Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom cov xab npum muaj zog, ntxuav tau thiab ua kom cov tshuaj emulsifying muaj zog. Hauv kev lag luam textile, nws ua haujlwm ua cov tshuaj ntxuav thiab emulsifier; nws qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau kev ntxuav cov ntaub txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab cov ntaub plaub.
2. Cov Tshuaj Surfactants Hom Betaine
Cov tshuaj Betaine amphoteric surfactants muab cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo heev rau cov ntaub paj rwb thiab cov ntaub polyester/paj rwb sib xyaw, nrog rau hydroxy sulfobetaines qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb thaum lub sijhawm ntxuav khaub ncaws.
Piv txwv li, dodecyldimethyl betaine: nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua tsis muaj xim mus rau daj ntseg, ua haujlwm cationically hauv cov kua qaub thiab anionically hauv cov kua alkaline, thiab yooj yim biodegradable. Nws muaj cov khoom ua npuas zoo heev thiab ua rau cov plaub hau mos, ua rau nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau me me thiab cov khoom siv saib xyuas plaub hau rau menyuam yaus. Ua tsaug rau nws cov dej tawv tawv, nws yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav dej tawv, thiab kuj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua cov kab mob.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Xya Hli-02-2026