Akwai nau'ikan surfactants da yawa. Dangane da fitarwa, surfactants anionic sun kai kashi 56%, nonionic surfactants 36%, amphoteric surfactants 5%, da kuma cationic surfactants 3%.
2. Abubuwan da ke haifar da Anionic
2.1 Abubuwan Surfactants na Anionic irin sulfonate
Nau'ikan irin waɗannan surfactants sun haɗa da sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate da sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, wanda aka fi sani da LAS ko ABS, fari ne mai launin rawaya mai haske ko mai laushi wanda ke narkewa a cikin ruwa. Yana nuna rashin narkewar ruwa a ƙananan yanayin zafi tare da narkewa a ƙasa da 3 a cikin ruwa a zafin ɗaki, duk da haka yana da kyakkyawan narkewa a cikin tsarin surfactant mai haɗawa. Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali akan alkalis, acid mai narkewa da ruwan tauri, tare da zafin narkewa na 240℃. Ma'aunin ƙaiƙayi na maganin 10% shine 5.0, ƙimar lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta yana tsakanin 80% zuwa 90%, kuma ƙimar LD50 shine 1300 zuwa 2500 mg/kg.
Ana rage sinadarin sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate zuwa AOS. Idan sinadarin da ke aiki ya kasance tsakanin kashi 38% zuwa 40%, yana bayyana a matsayin ruwa mai haske mai launin rawaya kuma yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa. Yana kiyaye kwanciyar hankali mai kyau a fadin kewayon pH mai faɗi; bayan an adana shi na tsawon kwana uku a 30℃ ƙarƙashin ƙimar pH na 2, 4 da 10 bi da bi, ƙimar hydrolysis ɗinsa ta kasance sifili a duk lokuta. Yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi mai sauƙi a fata, yana cimma ƙimar lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta 100%, kuma yana da ƙimar LD50 na 1300 zuwa 2400 mg/kg.
Gabaɗaya, ba kasafai ake amfani da LAS a cikin shamfu da wanke-wanke ba, kuma galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke da ruwan wanke-wanke. A cikin ruwan wanke-wanke, LAS na iya ɗaukar kusan rabin jimlar surfactants, yayin da rabonsa a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke za a iya daidaita shi cikin kewayon aiki mai yawa.
LAS yana samun kyakkyawan narkewar ruwa musamman a yanayin zafi mai yawa kamar 60℃ kuma idan aka haɗa shi da wasu surfactants. Tsarin hadadden abu na yau da kullun "LAS-AES-FFA" ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin ruwan wanke-wanke, kuma tsarin hadadden abu "LAS-sabulun tushe-η·SAA" ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke. Abin lura ne cewa haɗa LAS kai tsaye tare da alkylol amide na nonionic sau da yawa ba ya cimma sakamako mai kyau; tsarin "LAS-FFA" ba shi da ƙarfi tare da ƙarancin ɗanko kuma yana nuna kamannin farin madara.
LAS tana matsayi na farko a fannin fitarwa, inda take samar da kiloton 290 a kowace shekara, kuma ita ce mafi araha a fannin surfactant na roba. Tana da mafi ƙarancin farashi a cikin manyan surfactants guda biyar masu yawan fitarwa, kuma farashinta ya yi daidai da na sabulun sabulu (sabulun acid mai kitse) a tsakanin surfactants na anionic na gargajiya. LAS tana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali, kayan sabulun wanki mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin farashi, yayin da babban rashin kyawunta shine babban ƙaiƙayi.
Daga cikin dukkan surfactants na sulfonate, AOS yana ba da cikakken aiki mai kyau. Yana gada kuma yana ƙara haɓaka fa'idodin sulfonates na yau da kullun yayin da yake guje wa raunin da ke tattare da su. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan surfactants na farko, ana amfani da AOS sosai a cikin shamfu da wanke jiki, kuma aikace-aikacensa a cikin wasu sabulun ruwa zai faɗaɗa a hankali tare da samar da wurin zama da rage farashi sakamakon haka.
AOS tana da fa'idodi masu kyau waɗanda suka haɗa da ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali, kyakkyawan narkewar ruwa, dacewa mai kyau, ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi da kuma kyakkyawan yanayin lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Babban rashinsa shine yana da tsada sosai a tsakanin dukkan abubuwan da ke haifar da anionic surfactants.
2.2 Sulfates na Anionic
Nau'ikan irin waɗannan abubuwan da ake amfani da surfactants sun haɗa da sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate da sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, wanda aka fi sani da AES ko alcohol ether sulfate, yana narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwa. Idan abun da ke cikin sinadarin ya kai kashi 70%, yana bayyana a matsayin ruwa mai haske mai launin rawaya, kuma kwanciyar hankalinsa ya yi ƙasa da na sulfonates na yau da kullun. Yana yin hydrolysis cikin sauri lokacin da ƙimar pH ta ƙasa da 4, duk da haka yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na hydrolysis a cikin yanayin alkaline. Bayan an adana shi na tsawon kwanaki uku a 30°C a ƙarƙashin yanayin pH 2, pH 4 da pH 10, ƙimar hydrolysis ɗinsa shine 100%, 50% da 0 bi da bi. Yana da ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi tare da ma'aunin ƙaiƙayi na 2.3 don maganin ruwa na 10%, ƙimar lalatawar biogradation sama da 90%, da ƙimar LD50 na 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, wanda aka fi sani da AS, K12, sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate ko kuma wani abu mai kumfa, yana narkewa a cikin ruwa tare da narkewar ruwa na kimanin 15 a 25°C, wanda ya fi ƙasa da na AES. Ba ya jin alkalis da ruwan tauri, amma kwanciyar hankalinsa a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic ya fi rauni fiye da sulfonates na yau da kullun kuma yana kusa da na AES. Zafin dumama na dogon lokaci bai kamata ya wuce 95°C ba. Yana da matsakaicin ƙaiƙayi a tsakanin surfactants; maganinsa na 10% yana da ma'aunin ƙaiƙayi na 3.3, ya fi AES girma kuma ya fi LAS ƙasa, tare da ƙimar LD50 na 1300 mg/kg.
Ana amfani da AES sosai a cikin shamfu, wanke-wanke, ruwan wanke-wanke da sabulun wanki. A aikace, ya kamata a ɗaga darajar pH zuwa tsaka tsaki ko kuma alkaline mai rauni gwargwadon iko idan ƙa'idodin ingancin pH masu dacewa suka ba da dama. Lokacin da dole ne a yi amfani da AES a ƙarƙashin ƙarancin pH kamar a cikin shamfu, galibi ana ɗaukar siffar gishirin ethanolamine ɗinsa. AES yana da mafi kyawun narkewar ruwa fiye da AS kuma ana iya tsara shi zuwa mafita mai haske a cikin kowane rabo a zafin ɗaki. Idan aka kwatanta da LAS, AES yana jin daɗin amfani da shi a cikin sabulun ruwa da kuma dacewa mafi kyau, wanda za a iya haɗa shi da surfactants da yawa a cikin haɗuwa biyu ko haɗuwa da yawa don samar da mafita mai haske a cikin ruwa. Daga cikin surfactants na roba, AES yana matsayi na uku a fitarwa tare da farashi mafi ƙasa da AS; farashin 70% AES shine yuan 8500 a kowace tan a 2002. Manyan fa'idodinsa sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi, ruwan da ke narkewa mai kyau, kyakkyawan jituwa da tasiri mai ban mamaki wajen hana bushewar fata da ƙaiƙayi. Babban koma-bayarsa yana cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na acidic, wanda ke buƙatar a kiyaye ƙimar pH sama da 4, kuma abin sha yana da rauni fiye da na LAS da AS.
Lokacin da ake amfani da AS a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa, dole ne a kula da yanayin pH don guje wa yawan acidity. Gishirin ethanolamine ko gishirin ammonium suna da mahimmanci don amfani da shi a cikin shamfu da wanke-wanke na jiki. Amfani da gishirin ethanolamine ba wai kawai zai iya inganta juriyar acid ba, har ma da rage ƙaiƙayi, kuma ma'aunin ƙaiƙayi na maganin gishirin triethanolamine 10% shine 3.0. Ba kasafai ake amfani da AS a cikin ruwan wanke-wanke ba kuma ba kasafai yake aiki a matsayin babban surfactant tare da ƙarancin allurai a cikin dabara, galibi saboda ba shi da kyau don rage farashin samfura kuma irin waɗannan samfuran ba su da buƙatun aikin kumfa. Yana matsayi na biyar a cikin fitowar surfactants na roba, farashin AS yana da tsada sosai, kuma an farashin foda ɗinsa akan yuan 15000 a kowace tan a 2002. Baya ga ƙarfin kumfa mai ban mamaki da ƙarfi na sabulun wanki, AS ya fi AES ƙasa da yawancin ayyukan sabis, kamar ɗan rashin kwanciyar hankali na juriyar acid da kuma ƙaiƙayi mafi girma (ƙasa da LAS kawai), kuma yana da mafi girman farashi tsakanin surfactants na anionic na gargajiya.
3.Masu Surfactants marasa ionic
Manyan nau'ikan surfactants marasa ionic sun haɗa da alkylolamide (FFA), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), da alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE ko OP). Masu surfactants marasa ionic suna da kyawawan halaye kamar narkewa, sabulun wanki, aikin hana rikitar da jiki, ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi da ikon watsa sabulun lemun tsami. Suna da kewayon pH mai faɗi fiye da masu surfactants na ionic na yau da kullun, kuma sun fi masu surfactants na anionic na yau da kullun a yawancin kaddarorin banda ikon sabulun wanki da kumfa. Gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da cewa ƙara ƙaramin adadin masu surfactants marasa ionic a cikin tsarin surfactant na ionic na iya haɓaka aikin saman gabaɗaya idan aka kwatanta da abun ciki iri ɗaya na abu mai aiki.
Alkylolamides suna da inganci sosai, ana amfani da su sosai kuma ana amfani da su akai-akai, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa daban-daban. Babban ƙayyadaddun bayanai na alkylolamides da ake amfani da su a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa sune 2:1 amide da 1.5:1 amide, kuma 1:1 amide shima yana samuwa don amfani. Waɗannan ƙayyadaddun bayanai guda uku sun bambanta sosai a cikin ikon narkewar ruwa da kauri. Gabaɗaya magana, 1.5:1 amide yana da matsakaicin aiki mai cikakken aiki kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin ruwan wanke-wanke. Yawanci, amide 1:1 za a iya narkar da shi cikin sauƙi kawai idan an haɗa shi da wasu surfactants masu narkewa cikin ruwa. Alkylolamides sun fi dacewa da sabulun wanke-wanke na alkaline kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke masu rauni.
Daga cikin dukkan surfactants marasa ionic, alkylolamides sune mafi inganci, tare da farashin yuan 7,800 a kowace tan a shekara ta 2002. Ana amfani da su akai-akai a cikin sabulun ruwa fiye da polyoxyethylene ethers mai kitse, kuma sune manyan surfactants marasa ionic da ake amfani da su a cikin shamfu. Manyan dalilan sune kamar haka: FFA yana da ayyuka mafi girma da inganci fiye da AE; FFA ya fi rahusa a farashi; FFA yana da mafi kyawun narkewa; kuma FFA yana da ƙarfin aikin kumfa idan aka kwatanta da AE.
4. Masu Surfactants na Amphoteric
Amphoteric surfactants su ne masu surfactants waɗanda ke da ƙungiyoyin anionic da cationic hydrophilic. Saboda haka, suna nuna halayen cationic a cikin maganin acidic, halayen anionic a cikin maganin alkaline, da kuma halaye makamancin surfactants marasa ionic a cikin maganin tsaka tsaki.
Ana iya narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwa, ruwan acid da alkali mai yawa, har ma da ruwan gishiri mara tsari. Suna da kyakkyawan juriya ga ruwa mai tauri, ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi a fata, kyakkyawan aiki na laushin yadi, kyakkyawan kayan hana kumburi da kuma kyakkyawan tasirin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma suna da matuƙar dacewa da nau'ikan surfactants daban-daban.
Ana iya amfani da irin waɗannan samfuran a cikin kewayon pH mai faɗi. Ganin yanayin ionic ɗinsu a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na acid-base, suna ba da kyakkyawan aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi na acidic da tsaka tsaki fiye da yanayin alkaline. Gabaɗaya, amphoteric surfactants sun fi tsada fiye da non-ionic surfactants.
Muhimman nau'ikan surfactants na amphoteric da aka fi sani sun haɗa da dodecyldimethylbetaine da carboxylate-type imidazoline. Idan aka kwatanta da surfactants na anionic, surfactants marasa ionic suna da ƙarin fa'idodi masu yawa tare da ƙarancin lahani, amma ƙasa da ƙarfin sabulu da kumfa. Idan aka kwatanta da surfactants marasa ionic, surfactants na amphoteric sun fi kyau a wasu fa'idodi kuma suna kama da juna a wasu.
Masu amfani da surfactants na Amphoteric suna da ƙarfin kumfa fiye da masu amfani da surfactants na yau da kullun (yayin da masu amfani da surfactants na AE ba su da ƙarfin kumfa), suna da ƙarfin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da masu amfani da surfactants na non-ionic da anionic, kuma suna da tasirin sanyaya jiki mafi kyau. Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa, ana amfani da surfactants na amphoteric galibi a cikin shamfu, sannan sai kayayyakin tsarkake fata kamar wanke jiki.
Nau'ikan cationic surfactants da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic silicone oil, Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) da sauransu.
A cikin sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa, cationic surfactants suna aiki azaman ƙarin surfactants da sinadaran gyaran jiki waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin adadin da ake buƙata. Galibi ana amfani da su a cikin samfuran da suka fi tsada, galibi a cikin shamfu. Ba za a iya haɗa cationic surfactants kai tsaye tare da anionic surfactants ba. Duk da cewa haɗuwar cationic da anionic surfactants na iya samun sakamako mai kyau, suna da babban haɗarin lalata da crystallization.
Ana amfani da nau'ikan cationic surfactants iri-iri a cikin shamfu tare da mitoci daban-daban na aikace-aikacen, ma'ana babu nau'ikan guda ɗaya ko biyu da aka fi amfani da su, kuma galibi ana ƙera su ne don samfuran gyaran gashi da aka gama. Cationic surfactants suna da ƙaramin rabo a cikin jimlar fitowar surfactants kuma yawanci sun fi tsada fiye da sauran nau'ikan.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan surfactants, cationic surfactants suna da tasirin gyaran fuska mafi girma da kuma mafi ƙarfin aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Duk da rashin kyawunsu kamar rashin kyawun sabulun wanki, ƙarancin ƙarfin kumfa, ƙarancin jituwa, yawan haushi da tsada, ba za a iya maye gurbinsu da sauran surfactants a matsayin abubuwan gyaran fuska a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke da shamfu masu inganci ba. Abin lura ne cewa ana iya amfani da cationic surfactants ne kawai a matsayin sinadaran gyaran fuska ko maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-21-2026