Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea li-surfactants. Li behiloe ka maemo ho latela tlhahiso, li-surfactants tsa anionic li etsa 56%, li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic li etsa 36%, li-surfactants tsa amphoteric li etsa 5%, le li-surfactants tsa cationic li etsa 3%.
2. Li-surfactant tsa Anionic
2.1 Li-surfactant tsa Anionic tsa mofuta oa Sulfonate
Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea li-surfactants tse joalo e kenyelletsa sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate le sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, e tsejoang hape e le LAS kapa ABS, ke phofo e tšoeu kapa e mosehla o mosehla kapa e tiileng e qhibilihang ka metsing. E na le ho qhibiliha ho fokolang ha metsi mochesong o tlase ka ho qhibiliha ho ka tlase ho 3 metsing mochesong oa kamore, leha ho le joalo e na le ho qhibiliha ho hoholo lits'ebetsong tsa metsoako ea surfactant. E na le botsitso bo botle khahlanong le li-alkali, li-acid tse hlapollotsoeng le metsi a thata, ka mocheso oa ho bola oa 240℃. Index ea eona ea ho teneha ea tharollo ea 10% ke 5.0, sekhahla sa ho senyeha ha likokoana-hloko se tloha ho 80% ho isa ho 90%, 'me boleng ba LD50 ke 1300 ho isa ho 2500 mg/kg.
Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate e khutsufalitsoe e le AOS. Ha karolo ea ntho e sebetsang e le pakeng tsa 38% le 40%, e hlaha e le mokelikeli o mosehla o bonaletsang 'me e qhibiliha haholo ka metsing. E boloka botsitso bo botle ho pholletsa le pH e pharaletseng; ka mor'a ho bolokoa matsatsi a mararo ho 30℃ tlas'a litekanyetso tsa pH tsa 2, 4 le 10 ka ho latellana, sekhahla sa eona sa hydrolysis se lula se le lefela maemong 'ohle. E baka ho teneha ha letlalo hanyane, e fihlella sekhahla sa ho senyeha ha likokoana-hloko tse 100%, 'me e na le boleng ba LD50 ba 1300 ho isa ho 2400 mg/kg.
Ka kakaretso, LAS ha e sebelisoe hangata ho shampoo le ho hlatswa mmele, mme e sebediswa haholoholo ho sesepa sa metsi sa ho hlatswa le disene tsa ho hlatswa dijana. Metsing a ho hlatswa dijana, LAS e ka nka hoo e ka bang halofo ya di-surfactants tsohle, ha karolo ya yona ho sesepa sa metsi sa ho hlatswa dijana e ka fetolwa ka hara mefuta e mengata e sebetsang.
LAS e fumana ho qhibiliha ho molemo ha metsi haholo-holo mochesong o phahameng joalo ka 60℃ le ha e kopanngoa le li-surfactants tse ling. Sistimi e tloaelehileng ea metsoako ea ternary "LAS-AES-FFA" e sebelisoa haholo mekelikeling ea ho hlatsoa lijana, 'me sistimi ea metsoako ea "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" e sebelisoa hangata lisepeng tsa metsi tsa ho hlatsoa liaparo. Hoa hlokomeleha hore ho kopanya LAS ka kotloloho ka alkylol amide e seng ea ionic surfactant hangata ho hlōleha ho fihlela liphello tse ntle; sistimi ea "LAS-FFA" ha e tsitse ka viscosity e tlase 'me e hlahisa ponahalo e tšoeu e kang ea lebese.
LAS e boemong ba pele tlhahisong ka bophahamo ba tlhahiso ea selemo le selemo ba li-kiloton tse 290 'me ke sesebelisoa sa maiketsetso se theko e tlaase ka ho fetisisa. E na le theko e tlase ka ho fetisisa har'a li-surfactants tse hlano tse holimo tse hlahisang tlhahiso e phahameng, 'me theko ea eona e tšoana le ea li-base tsa sesepa (lisepa tsa asiti e mafura) har'a li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tsa anionic. LAS e khetholloa ka botsitso bo botle, detergent e matla le litšenyehelo tse tlase, ha bothata ba eona bo hlahelletseng e le ho teneha ho phahameng.
Har'a li-surfactants tsohle tsa sulfonate, AOS e fana ka ts'ebetso e felletseng e ntle ka ho fetisisa. E rua le ho ntlafatsa melemo ea li-sulfonate tse tloaelehileng ha e ntse e qoba mefokolo ea tsona ea tlhaho. Jwalo ka e 'ngoe ea li-surfactants tse kholo tsa mantlha, AOS e sebelisoa haholo ho shampoo le ho hlatsoa 'mele,' me ts'ebeliso ea eona ho sesepa se seng sa metsi e tla atoloha butle-butle hammoho le tlhahiso ea sebaka le phokotso ea litheko e latelang.
AOS e na le melemo e ikhethang ho kenyeletsoa botsitso bo phahameng, ho qhibiliha ha metsi ho babatsehang, ho lumellana hantle, ho se halefe haholo le ho bola ha likokoana-hloko ka mokhoa o phethahetseng. Bothata ba eona bo boholo ke hore e theko e boima haholo har'a li-surfactants tsohle tsa anionic.
2.2 Anionic Surfactant Sulfates
Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea li-surfactants tse joalo e kenyelletsa sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate le sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, e tsejoang hape e le AES kapa alcohol ether sulfate, e qhibiliha habonolo metsing. Ha karolo ea ntho e sebetsang e fihla ho 70%, e bonahala e le mokelikeli o phatsimang o khanyang o nang le 'mala o khanyang, 'me botsitso ba eona bo tlase ho ba sulfonate e tloaelehileng. E feta hydrolysis e potlakileng ha boleng ba pH bo le ka tlase ho 4, empa e na le botsitso bo botle ba hydrolysis libakeng tsa alkaline. Kamora ho bolokoa matsatsi a mararo ho 30°C tlas'a maemo a pH 2, pH 4 le pH 10, sekhahla sa eona sa hydrolysis ke 100%, 50% le 0 ka ho latellana. E na le ho halefa ho tlase ka index ea ho halefa ea 2.3 bakeng sa tharollo ea eona ea metsi ea 10%, sekhahla sa ho bola ha bioloji se fetang 90%, le boleng ba LD50 ba 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, e tsejoang e le AS, K12, sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate kapa moemedi wa foam, e qhibiliha ka metsing ka ho qhibiliha ha metsi ho ka bang 15 ho 25°C, e leng tlase ho feta AES. Ha e na kutloelo-bohloko ho alkalis le metsi a thata, empa botsitso ba yona tlasa maemo a asiti bo fokola ho feta di-sulfonate tse tlwaelehileng mme bo haufi le ba AES. Mocheso wa ho futhumatsa wa nako e telele ha oa lokela ho feta 95°C. E na le ho teneha ho itekanetseng hara di-surfactants; tharollo ya yona ya 10% e na le index ya ho teneha ya 3.3, e phahameng ho feta AES mme e tlase ho feta LAS, ka boleng ba LD50 ba 1300 mg/kg.
AES e sebelisoa haholo ho shampoo, ho hlatsoa 'mele, mokelikeli o hlatsoang lijana le sesepa sa metsi a hlatsoang liaparo. Ha e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o sebetsang, boleng ba pH bo lokela ho phahamisoa ho ea ho alkaline e sa nke lehlakore kapa e fokolang ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang haeba maemo a boleng ba pH a lumellanang a lumella. Ha AES e tlameha ho sebelisoa tlas'a maemo a pH a tlase joalo ka shampoo, mofuta oa eona oa letsoai la ethanolamine hangata o amoheloa. AES e na le ho qhibiliha ha metsi ho feta AS 'me e ka etsoa litharollo tse bonaletsang tsa metsi ka tekanyo efe kapa efe mochesong oa kamore. Ha e bapisoa le LAS, AES e na le ts'ebeliso e pharaletseng ho sesepa sa metsi le ho lumellana ho hoholo, e khonang ho kopanngoa le li-surfactants tse ngata ka har'a motsoako oa binary kapa o mongata ho etsa litharollo tse bonaletsang tsa metsi. Har'a li-surfactants tsa maiketsetso, AES e maemong a boraro tlhahisong ka theko e tlase ho feta AS; theko ea 70% AES e ne e le 8500 yuan ka tonne ka 2002. Melemo ea eona e hlahelletseng e kenyelletsa ho teneha ho fokolang, ho qhibiliha ha metsi ho molemo, ho lumellana ho hotle le phello e makatsang ho thibeleng letlalo le omileng le le thata. Bothata ba yona bo boholo bo ho botsitso bo fokolang mecheng ya asiti, e leng se hlokang hore boleng ba pH bo bolokwe bo le hodimo ho 4, mme detergent ya yona e fokola ho feta ya LAS le AS.
Ha o sebedisa AS ka hara sesepa sa metsi, tikoloho ya pH e lokela ho laolwa ho qoba asiti e feteletseng. Matswai a yona a ethanolamine kapa matswai a ammonium a a hlokahala bakeng sa tshebediso ya yona ka hara shampoo le ho hlatswa mmele. Ho amohelwa ha matswai a yona a ethanolamine ho ke ke ha eketsa botsitso ba ho hanyetsa asiti feela empa hape ho fokotsa ho teneha, mme index ya ho teneha ya tharollo ya yona ya letswai la triethanolamine ya 10% ke 3.0. AS ha e sebediswe hangata ka hara metsi a ho hlatswa dijana mme ha se hangata e sebetsang e le surfactant ya mantlha e nang le tekanyo e tlase ya diforomo, haholo-holo hobane ha e ratehe bakeng sa ho fokotsa ditjeo tsa dihlahiswa mme dihlahiswa tse jwalo ha di na ditlhoko tsa tshebetso ya ho fofonela. E maemong a bohlano tlhahisong ya di-surfactants tsa maiketsetso, AS e theko e hodimo haholo, mme mofuta wa yona wa phofo o ne o le 15000 yuan ka tonne ka 2002. Ntle le bokgoni bo ikgethang ba ho fofonela le detergent e matla, AS e tlase ho AES mesebetsing e mengata ya tshebeletso, jwalo ka botsitso bo fokolang ba ho hanyetsa asiti le ho teneha ho hoholo (ho tlase feela ho LAS), mme e boetse e na le theko e hodimo hara di-surfactants tse tlwaelehileng tsa anionic.
3.Li-Surfactant tse seng tsa ionic
Mefuta e meholo ea li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic e kenyelletsa alkylolamide (FFA), polyoxyethylene ether e mafura (AE), le alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE kapa OP). Li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic li na le thepa e ntle haholo joalo ka ho qhibiliha, ho hloekisa, ts'ebetso ea antistatic, ho teneha ho tlase le bokhoni ba ho qhalanya sesepa sa lime. Li na le pH e pharaletseng e sebetsang ho feta li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tsa ionic, 'me li phahametse li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tsa anionic thepa e mengata ntle le bokhoni ba ho hloekisa le ho foamisa. Liteko li paka hore ho eketsa palo e nyane ea li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic lits'ebetsong tsa ionic surfactant ho ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso eohle ea bokaholimo ha e bapisoa tlas'a litaba tse tšoanang tse sebetsang tsa ntho.
Li-alkylolamides ke li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic tse sebetsang hantle haholo, tse sebelisoang haholo le tse sebelisoang khafetsa, tse atisang ho sebelisoa lisefeng tse fapaneng tsa metsi. Litlhaloso tse kholo tsa li-alkylolamides tse sebelisoang lisefeng tse metsi ke 2:1 amide le 1.5:1 amide, 'me 1:1 amide le eona ea fumaneha bakeng sa tšebeliso. Litlhaloso tsena tse tharo li fapana haholo ka ho qhibiliha ha metsi le thepa ea ho teteana. Ka kakaretso, 1.5:1 amide e na le ts'ebetso e itekanetseng e itekanetseng 'me e sebelisoa haholo mokelikeling oa ho hlatsoa lijana. Ka tloaelo, 1:1 amide e ka qhibiliha habonolo feela ha e kopantsoe le li-surfactants tse ling tse qhibilihang ka metsing. Li-alkylolamides li loketse haholoanyane lisefeng tsa alkaline 'me li ka boela tsa sebelisoa lisefeng tse fokolang tsa asiti.
Har'a li-surfactants tsohle tse seng tsa ionic, li-alkylolamides ke tsona tse theko e tlaase ka ho fetisisa, ka theko ea li-yuan tse 7,800 ka tonne ka 2002. Li sebelisoa khafetsa lisefeng tse metsi ho feta li-polyoxyethylene ethers tse nang le joala bo mafura, 'me hape ke li-surfactants tsa mantlha tse seng tsa ionic tse sebelisoang ka shampoo. Mabaka a ka sehloohong ke a latelang: FFA e na le mesebetsi e felletseng le e phahameng ho feta AE; FFA e theko e tlase ka theko; FFA e na le ho qhibiliha ho betere; 'me FFA e na le ts'ebetso e matla ea ho foamisa ha e bapisoa le AE.
4. Li-surfactant tsa Amphoteric
Li-surfactant tsa Amphoteric ke li-surfactant tse nang le lihlopha tsa anionic le cationic hydrophilic. Ka hona, li bontša thepa ea cationic litharollong tsa asiti, thepa ea anionic litharollong tsa alkaline, le thepa e tšoanang le li-surfactant tse seng tsa ionic litharollong tse sa nke lehlakore.
Li-surfactant tsa Amphoteric li qhibiliha habonolo metsing, litharollong tsa asiti e kopaneng le alkali, esita le litharollong tsa letsoai tse kopaneng tse sa tloaelehang. Li na le khanyetso e ntle ea metsi a thata, ho halefa ha letlalo ho tlase, ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho nolofatsa masela, thepa e ikhethang ea ho thibela ho se fetohe ha static le phello e ntle ea ho bolaea libaktheria, 'me li na le tšebelisano e ntle le mefuta e fapaneng ea li-surfactant.
Lihlahisoa tse joalo li ka sebelisoa ka har'a mefuta e mengata ea pH. Ka lebaka la maemo a tsona a ionic tlas'a libaka tse fapaneng tsa acid-base, li fana ka ts'ebetso e betere tlas'a maemo a asiti le a sa nke lehlakore ho feta tlas'a maemo a alkaline. Ka kakaretso, li-surfactants tsa amphoteric li theko e boima ho feta li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic.
Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea bohlokoa ea li-surfactants tsa amphoteric e kenyelletsa dodecyldimethylbetaine le imidazoline ea mofuta oa carboxylate. Ha li bapisoa le li-surfactants tsa anionic, li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic li na le thepa e felletseng haholoanyane ka mefokolo e fokolang, li fokola feela ka bokhoni ba ho thibela le ho foamela. Ha li bapisoa le li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic, li-surfactants tsa amphoteric li phahame ka thepa e itseng 'me lia bapisoa le tse ling.
Li-surfactant tsa Amphoteric li na le matla a matla a ho ntša foam ho feta li-surfactant tse tloaelehileng tse seng tsa ionic (ha li-surfactant tsa AE li na le bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho ntša foam), ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ho bolaea libaktheria ha e bapisoa le li-surfactant tse seng tsa ionic le tsa anionic, le litlamorao tse betere tsa ho lokisa. Ka lebaka lena, lisepa tse metsi, li-surfactant tsa amphoteric li sebelisoa haholo ka shampoo, li lateloa ke lihlahisoa tsa ho hloekisa letlalo tse kang ho hlatsoa 'mele.
Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea li-surfactants tsa cationic e kenyelletsa Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, oli ea cationic silicone, Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) jj.
Lisefeng tse metsi, li-surfactants tsa cationic li sebetsa e le li-surfactants tse thusang le metsoako ea ho lokisa lintho ka tekanyo e tlase ea liforomo. Hangata li sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa maemo a holimo, haholo-holo li-shampoo. Li-surfactants tsa cationic li ke ke tsa kopanngoa ka ho toba le li-surfactants tsa anionic. Le hoja metsoako ea li-surfactants tsa cationic le anionic e ka finyella liphello tse ntle, li na le kotsi e kholo ea ho sedimentation le crystallization.
Mefuta e mengata ea li-surfactants tsa cationic e sebelisoa ka har'a li-shampoo tse nang le maqhubu a mangata a ts'ebeliso, ho bolelang hore ha ho na mofuta o le mong kapa e 'meli e sebelisoang haholo, 'me hangata li etsoa lihlahisoa tsa ho lokisa li-conditioner tse felileng. Li-surfactants tsa cationic li ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e nyane tlhahisong eohle ea li-surfactants 'me hangata li bitsa chelete e ngata ho feta lihlopha tse ling.
Ha li bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea li-surfactants, li-surfactants tsa cationic li na le phello e hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa ea ho lokisa le ts'ebetso e matla ka ho fetisisa ea ho bolaea likokoana-hloko. Ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ea tsona e kang ho hloekisa ho fokolang, bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho fofonela, ho se lumellane hantle, ho halefa ho hoholo le litšenyehelo tse phahameng, li ke ke tsa nkeloa sebaka ke li-surfactants tse ling e le likarolo tsa ho lokisa li-detergent tsa metsi le li-shampoo tsa maemo a holimo. Hoa hlokomeleha hore li-surfactants tsa cationic li ka sebelisoa feela e le metsoako ea ho lokisa kapa li-bactericides.
Nako ea poso: Mots'eanong-21-2026